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33d Congress, 
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POB ig UliliABY 



C Ex. Doc. 
X No. 34. 



WA&HmcOGif, . D. C. 




PRESIDENT iQg^T H^ UNITE D STATES, 



TRANSMITTING 



A report of the Secretary of the Navy, in compliance with a resolution of the 
Senate of December 6, 1854, calling for correspondence, &fc., relative to 
the naval expedition to Japan* 



January 31, 1855. — Read and referred to the Committee on Foreign Relations. 
February 2, 1855. — Ordered to be printed. 



To the Senate of the United States : , 

In compliance with the resolution of the Senate of the 6th of December 
last, requesting the President "to communicate to the Senate, if in 
his opinion not incompatible with the public interest, the instruc- 
tions, correspondence, and other documents relating to the naval expe- 
dition to Japan, and the proceedings and negotiations resulting in a 
treaty with the government thereof," I transmit the enclosed report 
from the Secretary of the Navy, with the accompanying documents. 

FRANKLIN PIERCE. 

Washington, January 30, 1855. 



Navy Department, 

January 29, 1855. 

The Secretary of the Navy, to whom was referred the resolution of 
the Senate of the 6th December last, requesting the President " to 
communicate to the Senate, if in his opinion not incompatible with the 
public interest, the instructions, correspondence, and other documents 
relating to the naval expedition to Japan, and the proceedings and 
negotiations resulting in a treaty with the government thereof," has the 
honor to lay before the President the accompanying copies of papers 
embracing the instructions, &c., called for by the resolution. 

J. C. DOBBIN, 

To the President of the United States. 



2 CORRESPONDENCE ipjI^ATIVE TO THE v^r^ll 

V m "^ 

Secretary of the Navy to Commodore Perry » 

United Statks. Navy Department, 

Washington, November 13, 1852. 

Sir : So soon as the steam fi-igate Mississippi shall be in all respects 
ready for sea, you will proceed in her, accompanied b}^ the steamer 
Princeton, to Macao, or Hong Kong, in Ciiina, where the vessels of 
3^our command will rendezvous. You will touch at such ports on your 
passage out as you may deem necessary for supplies, &c. 

It has been deemed necessary to increase the naval force of the 
United States in the East India and China seas, for reasons which will 
be found in the enclosed copy of a communication from the Secretary 
of State addressed to this department under date of November, 1852. 

The force at present there consists of the steam frigate Susquehanna, 
Commander Buchanan, sloop Plymouth, Commander Kelly, and sloop 
Saratoga, Commander Walker. The store ship Supply, Lieutenant 
Commanding Sinclair, is on her passage to that station. There will 
be added to this force, at the earliest day practicable, the ship-of-the- 
line Vermont, Captain Paulding; the steam frigate Mississippi, Captain 
McCluney ; the corvette Macedonian, Captain Abbot ; the steamer 
Princeton, Commander Lee ; the steamer Alleghany, Commander 
Sands ; the sloop Vandaha, Commander Pope ; and the store-ship 
Southampton, Lieutenant Commanding Boyle. 

With this you will receive a copy of the general instructions given 
to Commodore John H. Aulick, recently in command of the East India 
squadron, which you will consider as in full force and apphcable to 
your command. You will also receive herewith copies of other orders 
addressed to Commodore Aulick, which may require your attention 
after you reach your station. 

The special mission to Japan with which you have been charged by 
the government will require all your firmness and prudence, in respect 
to which the department entertains the fullest confidence that the}" will 
be adequate for any emergency. 

In prosecuting the object of your mission to Japan you are inv^ested 
with large discretionary powers, and you are authorized to employ dis- 
patch vessels, interpreters, Kroomen or natives, and all other means 
which you may deem necessary to enable you to bring about the de- 
sired results. The suggestions contained in the accompanying letter 
Irom the Secretary of State to this department you will consider as your 
guide, and follow as the instructions of the government. You will con- 
fer with the commissioner of the United States to China as to the course 
most advisable for you to pursue to give weight to his demands upon 
the Chinese government for the settlement of claims of citizens of the 
United States against that government. 

Your attention is particularly invited to the exploration of the coasts 
of Japan and of the adjacent continent and islands. You will cause 
linear or perspective views to be made of remarkable places, soundings 
to be taken at the entrances of harbors, rivers, &c., in and near shoals, 
and collect all the hydrographical information necessary for the con- 
struction of charts. You will be careful to collect from every rehable 
source, and particularly from our consular or commercial agents, all 
the information you can of the social, political, and commercial condi- 



NAVAL EXPEDITION TO JAPAN. 3 

lion of the counlries and places you may visit, especially of new objects 
of commercial pursuits. To these ends you will call into activity all 
the various talents and acquisitions of the officers under your command. 
The results of such labors and of all such researches you will commu- 

^'cate to the department as often and as complete as practicable. 

What events will transpire during your absence time alone can de- 
veiope. The utmost caution and vigilance are enjoined upon all under 
your command. 

The act of March 2, 1837, *' To provide for the enlistment of boys 
for the naval service, and to extend the term of enlistment of seamen," 
section 2 provides, "That when the time of service of any person 
enhsted for the navy shall expire while he is on board any of the 
pubhc vessels of the United States employed on foreign service, it 
shall be the duty of the commanding officer of the fleet, squadron, or 
vessel, in which such person may be, to send him to the United States 
in some public or other vessel, unless his detention shall be essential to 
the_ public interests, in which case the said officer may detain him 
until the vessel in which he shall be serving shall return to the United 
States," &c.; and section 3 of the same act provides, "That such 
persons as may be detained after the expiration of their enlistment 
under the next preceding section of this act, shall be subject in all 
respects to the laws and regulations for the government of the navy, 
until their_ return to the United States ; and all such persons as shall 
be so detained, and all such as shall voluntarily re-enlist, to serve until 
the return of the vessel in which they shall be serving, and their 
regular discharge^ therefrom in the United States, shall, while so 
detained, and while so serving under their re-enhstment, receive an 
addition of one-fourth to their former pay." You will, therefore, should 
it be essential to the pubhc interests, exercise the power conferred by 
the act above cited ; or should it be found practicable, by new enlist- 
ments on the coasts you may visit, to keep up the complements of 
your vessels, ^ you will send to the United States all persons whose 
times of service may expire during your cruise. You will, however, 
in all such cases, be governed by the exigencies of the service. 

A subject of great importance to the success of the expedition will 
present itself to your mind, in relation to communications to the 
prints and newspapers, touching the movements of your squadron, as 
well as in relation to all matters connected with the discipline and 
internal regulations of the vessels composing it. You will, therefore, 
enjoin upon all under your command to abstain from writing to friends 
or others upon those subjects. The journals and private notes of the 
officers and other persons in the expedition must be considered as 
belonging to the government, until permission shall be received from 
the Navy Department to pubhsh them. 

For any supplies that you may need 3-ou will address yourself 
seasonably to the chief of the appropriate bureau, or take such measures 
to procure them as will best subserve the objects of your cruise. 

Before saihng, you will cause to be sent to the department correct 
muster-rolls of both vessels, conformably to the 29th article of the 
act for the better government of the navy of the United States, 
approved April 23, 1800. 



4 CORHESPONDENCE RELATIVE TO THE 

Tendering my best wishes for a successful cruise, and a safe return 
to your country and friends, for yourself, officers, and the companies of 
your ships, I am, very respectfully, your obedient servant, 

JOHN P. KENNEDY. 
Commodore M. C. Perry, 

Appointed to command of the TJ. S. squadron 

in the East India and China seas^ NorfolJc^ Va. 



Mr. Conrad to Mr. Kennedy. 

Department of State, 

Washington, November 5, 1852. | 

Sir : As the squadron destined for Japan will shortly be prepared to | 
sail, I am directed by the President to explain the objects of the expe- i 
dition, and to give some general directions as to the mode by which 
those objects are to be accomplished. 

Since the islands of Japan were first visited b}^ European nations, ' 
efforts have constantly been made by the various maritime powers to I 
establish commercial intercourse with a country whose large popula- I 
tion and reputed wealth hold out great temptations to mercantile enter- ' 
prise. Portugal was the first to make the attempt, and her example 
was followed by Holland, England, Spain, and Russia ; and finally by 
the United States. All these attempts, however, have thus far been 
unsuccessfal ; the permission enjoyed for a short period by the Portu- 
guese to trade with the islands, and that granted to Holland to send 
annualty a single vessel to the port of Nangasaki, hardly deserving to 
be considered exceptions to this remark. 

China is the only country which carries on any considerable trade 
with these islands. 

So rigorously is this system of exclusion carried out, that foreign 
vessels are not permitted to enter their ports in distress, or even to do 
an act of kindness to their own people. In 1831, a Japanese junk was 
blown out to sea, and, after drifting about for several months, was cast 
ashore near the mouth of the Columbia river, in Oregon. An Ameri- 
can ship, the Morrison, undertook to carry the survivors of the crew 
back to their countr}^, but, on reaching the bay of Yedo, she was fired 
into from the neighboring shore. She repaired to another part of the 
island and attempted to land, but meeting with the same reception 
there, she returned to America with the Japanese on board. 

When vessels are wrecked or driven ashore on the islands their 
crews are subjected to the most cruel treatment. Two instances of 
this have recently occurred. In the year 1846, two American whahng 
ships, the Lagoda and the Lawrence, having been wrecked on the 
island of Niphon, their crews were captured and treated with great 
barbarity, and it is believed that their lives were spared only through 
the intercession of the Dutch governor of Nangasaki. — (See Senate Doc. 
No. 59, 1st session 32d Congress, a copy of which is herewith en- 
closed ^ 



NAVAL EXPEDITION TO JAPAN. 5 

Every nation has undoubtedly the right to determine for itself the 
extent to which it will hold intercourse with other nations. The same 
law of nations, however, which protects a nation in the exercise of this 
right imposes upon her certain duties which she cannot justly disre- 
gard. Among these duties none is more imperative than that w^hich 
requires her to succor and relieve those persons w^ho are cast by the 
perils of the ocean upon her shores. This duty is, it is true, among 
those that are denominated by writers on public law imperfect, and 
which confer no right on other nations to exact their performance ; 
nevertheless, if a nation not only habitually and systematically disre- 
gards it, but treats such unfortunate persons as if they were the most 
atrocious criminals, such nations may justly be considered as the com- 
mon enemy of mankind. 

That the civilized nations of the world should for ages have submit- 
ted to such treatment by a weak and semi-barbarous people, can only 
be accounted for on the supposition that, from the remoteness of the 
country, instances of such treatment were of rare occurrence, and the 
difficulty of chastising it very great. It can hardly be doubted that if 
Japan were situated as near the continent of Europe or of America as 
it is to that of Asia, its government would long since have been either 
treated as barbarians, or been compelled to respect those usages of 
civilized states of which it receives the protection. 

This government has made two attempts to establish commercial 
intercourse with Japan. In the year 1832, a Mr. Roberts was ap- 
pointed a special agent of the government, with authority to negotiate 
treaties with sundry nations in the east, and among others with Japan, 
but he died before he arrived at the island. 

In 1845, Commodore Biddle was sent with two vessels of war to 
visit Japan and ascertain whether its ports were accessible. He was 
cautioned, however, " not to excite a hostile feeling, or a distrust of the 
government of the United States." 

He proceeded to Yedo, but was told that the Japanese could trade 
with no foreign nations except the Dutch and Chinese, and was per- 
emptorily ordered to leave the island and never to return to it. A 
personal indignity was even offered to Commodore Biddle, and it is 
not improbable that the barbarity which a short time afterwards was 
practised by these people towards the crew of the Lagoda, may have 
been in part occasioned by the forbearance which that excellent officer 
felt himself bound under his instructions to exercise towards them. — 
(See the document above mentioned, page 64.) 

Recent events — the navigation of the ocean by steam, the acquisition 
and rapid settlement by this country of a vast territory on the Pacific, 
the discovery of gold in that region, the rapid communication estab- 
lished across the isthmus which separates the two oceans — have prac- 
tically brought the countries of the east in closer proximity to our own ; 
although the consequences of these events have scarcely begun to be 
felt, the intercourse between them has already greatly increased, and 
no hmits can be assigned to its future extension. 

The duty of protecting those American citizens who navigate those 
seas is one that can no longer be deferred. In the year 1851, instruc- 
tions were accordingly given to Commodore Aulick, then commanding 



6 CORRESPONDENCE RELATIVE TO THE 

our naval forces in the East Indies, to open a negotiation with the 
government of Japan. It is believed that nothing has been done un- 
der these instructions, and the powers conferred on Commodore Aulick 
ai'e considered as superseded by those now given to Commodore 
Perry. 

The objects sought by this government are — 

1. To effect some permanent arrangement for the protection of 
American seamen and property wrecked on these islands, or driven 
into their ports by stress of weather. 

2. The permission to American vessels to enter one or more of their 
ports in order to obtain supplies of provisions, water, fuel, &c., or, in 
case of disasters, to refit so as to enable them to prosecute their 
voyage. 

It is very desirable to have permission to estabhsh a depot for coal, 
if not on one of the principal islands, at least on some small unin- 
habited one, of which, it is said, there are several in their vicinity. 

3. The permission to our vessels to enter one or more of their ports 
for the purpose of disposing of their cargoes by sale or barter. 

As this government has no right to make treaties for, or to redress the 
giievances of, other nations, whatever concessions may be obtained on 
either of the above points, need not, of course, apply in terms to the in- 
habitants or vessels of any other nation. This government, however, does 
not seek by this expedition to obtain any exclusive commercial advantage 
for itself, but, on the contrary, desires and expects that wh?.tever bene- 
fits may result from it will ultimately be shared by the civilized world. 
As there can be no doubt that if the ports of the country are once 
opened to one nation they would soon be opened to ah. It is behoved, 
that for reasons hereinafter mentioned, any reference in your negotia- 
tions to the wrongs or claims of other nations, so far from promoting 
this object, would tend to defeat it. 

The next question is, how are the above mentioned objects to be 
attained ? 

It is manifest, from past experience, that arguments or persuasion 
addi'essed to this people, unless they be seconded by some imposing 
manifestation of power, will be utterly unavailing. 

You will, therefore, be pleased to direct the commander of the 
squadron to proceed, with his w4iole force, to such point on the coast 
af Japan as he may deem most advisable, and there endeavor to open 
a communication with the government, and, if possible, to see the 
emperor in person, and deliver to him the letter of introduction from 
the President with which he is charged. He will state that he has 
been sent across the ocean by the President to deliver that letter to the 
emperor, and to communicate with his government on matters of im- 
portance to the two countries. That the President entertains the most 
iciendly feeling towards Japan, but has been surprised and grieved to 
learn, that when any of the people of the United States go, of their 
own accord, or are thrown by the perils of the sea within the dominions 
of the emperor, they are treated as if they were his worst enemies. 
He will refer particularly to the cases of the ships Morrison, Lagoda, 
and Lawrence, above mentioned. 

He will inform him of the usages of this country, and of all Christian 



NAVAL EXPEDITION TO JAPAN. 7 

countries, in regard to shipwrecked persons and vessels, and will refer 
to the case of the Japanese subjects who were recently picked up at 
sea in distress and carried to California, from whence they have been 
sent to their own country ; and will state that this government desires to 
obtain from that of Japan some positive assurance, that persons who may 
hereafter be shipwrecked on the coast of Japan, or driven by stress of 
weather into her ports, shall be treated with humanity ; and to make 
arrangements for a more extended commercial intercourse between the 
two countries. The establishment of this intercourse will be found 
a difficult, but, perhaps, not an impossible task. 

The deep-seated aversion of this people to hold intercourse with 
Christian. nations is said to be owing chiefly to the indiscreet zeal with 
which the early missionaries, particularly those of Portugal, endeavored 
to propagate their religion. The commodore will therefore say, that 
the government of this country, unlike those of every other Christian 
country, does not interfere with the religion of its own people, much 
less with that of other nations. It seems that the fears or the preju- 
dices of the Japanese are very much excited against the English, of 
whose conquests in the east, and recent invasion of China, they have 
probably heard. As the Americans speak the same language as the 
English, it is natural that they should confound citizens of the United 
States with British subjects. Indeed, their barbarous treatment of the 
crews of the vessels above referred to was partly occasioned by the 
suspicion that they were really English. — (See the statement of the crew 
of the Lagoda.) 

Commodore Perry will, therefore, explain to them that the United 
States are connected with no government in Europe. That they in- 
habit a great country which lies directly between them and Europe, 
and which was discovered by the nations of Europe about the same 
time that Japan herself was first visited by them ; that the portion of 
this continent lying nearest to Europe was first settled by emigrants 
from that country, but that its population has rapidly spread through 
the country until it has reached the Pacific ocean. That we have now 
large cities from which, with the aid of steam, Japan can be reached 
in twenty days. That our commerce wdth all that portion of the globe 
is, therefore, rapidly increasing, and that part of the ocean will soon be 
covered with our vessels. That, therefore, as the United States and 
Japan are becoming every day nearer and nearer to each other, the 
President desires to live in peace and friendship with the emperor ; 
but that no friendship can long exist between them unless Japan should 
change her policy and cease to act towards the people of this country 
as if they were her enemies. That, however wise this policy may 
originally have been, it is unwise and impracticable now that intercourse 
between the two countries is so much more easy and rapid than it for- 
merly was. 

If, after having exhausted every argument and every means of per- 
suasion, the commodore should fail to obtain from the government any 
relaxation of their system of exclusion, or even any assurance of humane 
treatment of our shipwrecked seamen, he will then change his tone, 
and inform them in the most unequivocal terms that it is the determi- 
nation of this government to insist, that hereafter all citizens or vessels 



8 CORRESPONDENCE RELATIVE TO THE 

of the United States that may be wrecked on their coasts, or driven 
by stress of weather into their harbors shall, so long as they are com- 
pelled to remain there, be treated with humanity; and that if any acts 
of cruelty should hereafter be practised upon citizens of this country, 
whether by the government or by the inhabitants of Japan, they will be 
severely chastised. In case he should succeed in obtaining concessions 
on any of the points above mentioned, it is desirable that they should 
be reduced into the form of a treaty, for negotiating which he will be 
furnished with the requisite powers. 

He will also be furnished with copies of the treaties made by this gov- 
ernment with China, Siam, and Muscat, which may serve him as prece- 
dents in drawing up any treaty he may be able to make. It would be 
well to have one or more of these translated into the Japanese tongue, 
which, it is presumed, can be done in China. 

He will bear in mind that, as the President has no power to declare 
war, his mission is necessarily of a pacific character, and will not re- 
sort to force unless in self defence in the protection of the vessels and 
crews under his command, or to resent an act of personal violence of- 
fered to himself, or to one of his officers. 

In his intercourse with this people, who are said to be proud and 
vindictive in their character, he should be courteous and conciliatory, 
but at the same time, firm and decided. He will, therefore, submit 
with patience and forbearance to acts of discourtesy to which he may 
be subjected, by a people to whose usages it will not do to test by our 
standard of propriety, but, at the same time, will be careful to do 
nothing that may compromit, in their e3^es, his own dignity, or that of 
the country. He will, on the contrary, do everything to impress them 
with a just sense of the power and greatness of this country, and to 
satisfy them that its past forbearance has been the result, not of timidity, 
but of a desire to be on friendly terms with them. 

It is impossible by any instructions, however minute, to provide for 
every contingency that may arise in the prosecution of a mission of so 
peculiar and novel a character. For this reason, as well as on account 
of the remoteness of the scene of his operation, it is proper that the 
commodore should be invested with large discretionary powers, and 
should feel assured that any departure from usage, or any error of 
judgment he may commit will be viewed with indulgence. 

The government of Holland has communicated to this government 
that instructions had been given to the superintendent of their factory 
at Dezima to promote, by every means in his power, the success of the 
expedition; and the kindness that has heretofore been shown by that of- 
ficer towards our countrymen in captivity leaves no room for doubt 
that he will cheerfully fulfil these instructions. 

The commissioner of the United States to China has been directed 
to prefer certain claims of citizens of the United States against that 
government. As the presence of the squadron might give some addi- 
tional weight to the demand, you will please direct its commander 
(if he finds he can do so without serious delay or inconvenience) to 
touch at Hong-Kong or Macao and remain there as long as he may 
deem it advisable. 

If the squadron should be able, without interfering with the main 



NAVAL EXPEDITION TO JAPAN. ^ 

object for which it is sent, to explore the coasts of Japan and of the 
adjacent continent and islands, such an exploration would not only 
add to our stock of geographical knowledge, bat might be the means 
of extending our commercial relations and of securing ports of refuge 
and suppty for oar whaling vessels in those remote seas. With this 
view he will be provided with powers authorizing him to negotiate 
treaties of amity and navigation with any and all established and inde- 
dendent sovereignties in those regions. 

In the event of such a voyage, he will inform himself, as far as prac- 
ticable, of the popalation, resources, and natural productions of the 
country, and procure and preserve specimens of the latter, and the 
seeds of such plants as may be peculiar to the country. 

He will be authorized by this department to draw on the Messrs. 
Baring Brothers & Co., of London, to a limited amount for the payment 
of guides, interpreters, messengers, &c., and of other expenses incident 
to his mission ; as also for the purchase of such presents as it may be 
deemed advisable to make to promote the objects of his mission. 

I have the honor to be, very respectfully, your obedient servant, 

C. M. CONRAD, 

Acting Secretary. 

Hon. J. P. Kennedy, 

Secretary of the Navy, 



The President of the United States to the Emperor oj Japan. 

Millard Fillmore, President of the United States of America, 
TO HIS Imperial Majesty, the Emperor of Japan. 

Great and Good Friend : 

I send you this public letter by Commodore Matthew C. Perry, an 
officer of the highest rank in the navy of the United States and comman- 
der of the squadron now visiting your imperial majesty's dominions. 

I have directed Commodore Perry to assure your imperial majesty 
that I entertain the kindest feelings toward your majesty's person and 
government, and that I have no other object in sending him to Japan 
but to propose to your imperial majesty that the United States and Japan 
should live in liriendship and have commercial intercourse with each 
other. 

The Constitution and laws of the United States forbid all interference 
with the religious or political concerns of other nations. I have par- 
ticularly charged Commodore Perry to abstain from every act which 
could possibly disturb the tranquillity of your imperial majesty's do- 
minions. 

The United States of America reach from ocean to ocean, and our 
Territory of Oregon and State of California lie directly opposite to the 
dominions of your imperial majesty. Our steamships can go from 
California to Japan in eighteen days. 

Our great State of California produces about sixty millions of dol- 
lars in gold every year, besides silver, quicksilver, precious stones, 
and many other valuable articles. Japan is also a rich and fertile 



10 CORRESPONDENCE RELATIVE TO THE 

country, and produces many very valuable articles. Your imperial 
majesty's subjects are skilled in many of the arts. I am desirous that 
our two countries should trade with each other, for the benefit both of 
Japan and the United States. 

We know^ that the ancient laws of your imperial majesty's govern- 
ment do not allow of foreign trade except with the Chinese and the 
Dutch ; but as the state of the world changes and new governments 
ai'e formed, it seems to be wise, from time to time, to make new laws. 
There was a time when the ancient laws of your imperial majesty's 
government were first made. 

About the same time America, which is sometimes called the New 
World, was first discovered and settled by the Europeans. For a long 
time there were but a few people, and they were poor. They have 
now become quite numerous ; their commerce is very extensive ; and 
they think that if your imperial majesty were so far to change the an- 
cient laws as to allow a free trade between the two countries, it would 
be extremely beneficial to both. 

If 3'Our imperial majesty is not satisfied that it would be safe alto- 
gether to abrogate the ancient laws which forbid foreign trade, they 
might be suspended for five or ten years, so as to try the experiment. 
If it does not prove as beneficial as was hoped the ancient law^s can be 
restored. The United States often limit their treaties with foreign 
States to a few years, and then renew them or not, as they please. 

I have duected Commodore Perry to mention another thing to your 
imperial majesty. Many of our ships pass every year from California 
to China ; and great numbers of our people pursue the whale fishery 
near the shores of Japan. It sometimes happens, in stormy weather, 
that one of our ships is wrecked on your imperial majest3^'s shores. 
In all such cases we ask, and expect, that our unfortunate people 
should be treated witii kindness, and that their property should be pro- 
tected, till we can send a vessel and bring them away. W"e are very 
much in earnest in this. 

Commodore Perry is also directed by me to represent to your im- 
perial majesty that we understand there is a great abundance of coal 
and provisions in the empire of Japan. Our steamships, in crossing 
the great ocean, burn a great deal of coal, and it is not convenient to 
bring it all the way from America. We wish that our steamships and 
other vessels should be allowed to stop in Japan and supply them.selves 
with coal, provisions, and water. They will pay for them in money, 
or anything else your imperial majesty's subjects may prefer ; and we 
request your imperial majesty to appoint a convenient port, in the 
southern part of the empire, where our vessels may stop for this pur- 
pose. We are very desirous of this. 

These are the only objects for which I have sent Commodore Perry, 
with a powerful squadron, to pay a visit to your imperial majesty's re- 
nowned city of Yeddo : friendship, commerce, a supply of coal and 
provisions, and protection for our shipwrecked people. 

We have directed Commodore Perry to beg your imperial majesty's 
acceptance of a few presents. They are of no great value in them- 
selves ; but some of them may serve as specimens of the articles man- 



NAVAL EXPEDITION TO JAPAN. 11 

ufactured in the United States, and they are intended as tokens of our 
sincere and respectful friendship. 

May the Almighty have your imperial majesty in His great and holy 
keeping ! 

In witness whereof, I have caused the great seal of the United States 
to be hereunto affixed, and have subscribed the same with my name, 
at the city of Washington, in America, the seat of my government, on 
the thirteenth day of the month of November, in the year one thousand 
eight hundred and fifty-two. 
[Seal attached.] Your good friend, 

MILLARD FILLMORE. 
By the President : 

EDWARD EVERETT, 

Secretary of State* 



Commodore Perry to the Secretary of the Navy. 

United States Steam Fkigate Mississippi, 

Madeira, December 13, 1852. 

Sir : I deem it my duty to bring to the notice of the department an 
act of distinguished courtesy conferred upon me, at the instance of Vice 
Admiral Sir George Seymour, by the lords commissioners of her Brit- 
annic majesty's admiralty, and consequently transmit herewith the en- 
closed copies of letters. 

The box contained four books and eighty sheets of charts, of the 
latest publications, all descriptive of the parts of the world to which I 
am bound. 

With great respect, I have the honor to be your obedient servant^ 

M. C. PERRY, 
Commanding East India Squadron. 
Hon. John P. Kennedy, 

Secretary of the Navy^ Washington. 



Admiralty, October 28, 1852. 

Sir : Vice Admiral Sir George Seymour, K. C. B., commander-in- 
chief of her Britannic majesty's ships and vessels on the North Ameri- 
can and West India station, having requested that the most recent 
charts and sailing directions of the eastern seas might be sent to you, 
as you are about to proceed to China and Japan, I am commanded by 
my lords commissioners of the admiralty to acquaint you that they have 
had much pleasure in acceding to the vice admiral's proposal, and that 
the box containing the charts, &c., have been forwarded to her ma- 
jesty's consul at New York, with instructions to take measures for their 
conveyance to you. 

I have the honor to be, sir, your most obedient humble servant, 

AUG. STAFFORD. 

Commodore Perry, 

United States Navy, ^c, Sfc, ^c. 



12 COREESPONDENCE RELATIVE TO THE 

United States Steam Frigate Mississippi, 

Madeira, December 13, 1852. 

Sir : At the moment of sailing from the United States, I had the 
honor of receiving your communication of the 28th of October, together 
with a box of valuable charts, transmitted to me by order of the lords 
commissioners of the admiralty, and at the instance of Vice Admiral 
Sir George Seymour. 

Be assured, sir, that I entertain a just sense of the kind consideration 
of Sir George, and of the distinguished favor conferred upon me by the 
lords commissioners. 

With great respect, I have the honor to be your most obedient servant, 

M. C. PERRY, 
Commander in chief United States naval forces 

in the East India and China seas. 
Augustus Stafford, Esq., M. P., 

First Secretary to the Lords Commissioners of the Admiralty, London. 



Commodore Terry to Secretary of the Navy. 

U. S. Steam Frigate Mississippi, 

Madeira, December 14, 1852. 

Sir: Since leaving the United States I have had leisure to reflect 
more fully upon the probable result of my visit to Japan, and though 
there is still some doubt in my mind as to the chances of immediate 
success in bringing that strange government to any practicable nego- 
tiation, yet I feel confident that in the end the great object in view will 
be effected. 

As a preliminary step, and one of easy accomplishment, one or more 
ports of refuge and supply to our whaling and other ships must at once 
be secured, and should the Japanese government object to the granting 
of such ports upon the main land, and they cannot be occupied without 
resort to force and bloodshed, then it will be desirable in the beginning, 
and indeed, necessary, that the squadron should establish places of ren- 
dezvous at one or two of the islands south of Japan, having a good 
harbor, and possessing facilities for obtaining water and supphes, and 
by kindness and gentle treatment conciliate the inhabitants so as to 
bring about their friendly intercourse. 

The islands called the Lew Chew group are said to be dependencies 
of Japan, as conquered by that power centuries ago, but their actual 
sovereignty is disputed by the government of China. 

These islands come within the jurisdiction of the prince of Satsuma, 
the most powerful of the princes of the empire, and the same who 
caused the unarmed American ship Morrison, on a visit of mercy, to 
be decoyed into one of his ports and then fired upon fi'om the batteries 
hastily erected. He exercises his rights more from the influence of the 
fear of the simple islanders than from any power to coerce their obe- 
dience ; disarmed, as they long have been, from motives of policy, they 
have no means, even if they had the incfination, to rebel against the 
grinding oppression of their rulers. 



NAVAL EXPEDITION TO JAPAN. ' 13 

Now, it strikes me, that the occupation of the principal ports of those 
islands for the accommodation of our ships of war, and for the safe re- 
sort of merchant vessels of whatever nation, would be a measure not 
only justified by the strictest rules of moral law, but what is also to be 
considered by the laws of stern necessity ; and the argument may be 
further strengthened by the certain consequences of the amelioration of 
the condition of the natives, although the vices attendant upon civiliza- 
tion may be entailed upon them. 

In my former commands upon the coast of Africa and in the Gulf of 
Mexico, when it fell to my lot to subjugate many towns and communi- 
ties, I found no difficulty in concihating the good will and confidence 
of the conquered people, by administering the unrestricted power I 
held rather to their comfort and protection than to their annoyance ; 
and when the naval forces left, they carried with them the gratitude 
and good wishes of their former enemies ; and so I believe that the 
people of the islands spoken of, if treated with strict justice and gentle 
kindness, will render confidence for confidence, and after a while the 
Japanese will learn to consider us their friends. 

In establishing those ports of refuge it will be desirable to provide 
the means of supply to the vessels that may resort to them, and hence 
the necessity of encouraging the natives in the cultivation of fruits, ve- 
getables, etc. ; and to carry out in part this object, garden-seeds have 
been provided ; but to pursue the purpose still further, I have thought 
that if a few of the more simple agricultural implements of our own 
country were sent to me for use, and for presents, they would con- 
tribute most essentially to the end in view; such, for instance, as the 
common cultivator, the plough and harrow, spades, hoes of various 
kinds, the threshing and winnowing machines, and especiall}' those in- 
ventions for separating the cotton and rice from their husks. 

And w^ith reference, also, to the subject of my letter to Mr. Fulsom, 
charge at the Hague, a copy of which has been enclosed to the Depart- 
ent of State, it would be good policy to counteract the discreditable 
machinations of the Dutch, by circulating printed publications repre- 
senting the true condition of the various governments of the world, and 
especially to set forth the extraordinary prosperity of the United States 
under its genial laws. 

* To effect this object, I am already provided with works for presen- 
tation, descriptive of the civil and political condition of the United 
States, such as the census tables, post office, and railroad reports, re- 
ports of the Indian and land offices, military and naval registers, also 
with the magnificent publications of the State of New York, etc. 

And I have thought that a small printing press, with type and materials, 
would go far to facihtate our plans, by giving us the means of patting 
forth information calculated to disabuse the Japanese of the misrepresen- 
tations of the Dutch. 

The government of Japan keep in employment linguists in all 
modern languages ; and such is their curiosity, that these pubhcations, 
if admitted at all, would soon be translated. 

Having thus, according to my anticipations, established harbors of 
resort, and organized certain rules of equity to govern our intercourse 
with the natives in the payment for labor, supplies, &c., and having de- 



14 CORRESPONDENCE RELATIVE TO THE 

pots of provisions and coal near at hand, we shall be able to act with 
more effect in bringing about some friendly understanding with the im- 
perial government. At all events, steamers, or whatever vessels that 
may be passing to and from California and China, will find safe harbors 
in their way, and it may reasonably be expected that in the course of 
time the intercourse thus brought about will lead to a better under- 
standing of our pacific intentions. 

It may be said that my anticipations are too sanguine. Perhaps 
they may be, but I feel a strong confidence of success. Indeed, suc- 
cess may be commanded by our government, and it should be, under 
whatever circumstances, accomplished. The honor of the nation calls 
for it, and the interest of commerce demands it. When we look at 
the possessions in the east of our great maritime rival, England, and of 
the constant and rapid increase of their fortified ports, we should be 
admonished of the necessity of prompt measures on our part. 

By reference to the map of the world, it w^ill be seen that Great 
Britain is already in possession of the most important points in the East 
India and China seas, and especially with reference to the China seas* 

Singapore commanding the southwestern, while Hong Kong covers 
the northeastern entrance, with the island of Labuan on the eastern 
coast of Borneo, an intermediate point, she will have the power of 
shutting up at will and controlling the enormous trade of those seas, 
amounting, it is said, in value to 300,000 tons of shipping, carrying 
cargoes certainly not under ^£15,000, 000 sterhng.* 

Fortunaiel}^ the Japanese and many other islands of the Pacific are 
still left Lintouched by this unconscionable government ; and, as some 
of them hv in a route of a commerce which is destined to become of 
great importance to the United States, no time should be lost in adopt- 
ing active measures to secure a sufficient number of ports of refuge* 
And hence I shall look with much anxiety for the arrival of the Pow- 
hatan and the other vessels to be sent to me. 

I have thus exhibited, in this crude and informal communication, my 
views upon a subject which is exciting extraordinary attention through- 
out the world, and I trust that the department will approve the course 
I propose to pursue. 

With great respect, I am, sir, your most obedient servant, 

M. C. PERRY, 
Commanding East India Squadron* 

Hon. John P. Kennedy, 

Secretary of the Navy, Washington, 



Mr. Everett to Commodore Perry. 

Department of State, 

Washington, February 15, 1853. 

Sir : Your dispatch of the 14th of December has been referred by 
the Secretary of the Navy to this department, and by me submitted to 
the President. 

* See Governor Crawford's opinion, in " The Expedition to Borneo by Her Majesty's Ship 
Dido," chapter 24, pubhshed by Harper Brothers, llfievf York, 1846. 



NAVAL EXPEDITION TO JAPAN. 15 

The President concurs with you in the opinion that it is highly de- 
sirable, probably necessary for the safety of the expedition under your 
command, that you should secure one or more ports of refiige of easy 
access. If you find that these cannot be obtained in the Japanese 
islands without resort to force, it will be necessary that you should 
seek them elsewhere. The President agrees with you in thinking that 
you are most likely to succeed in this object in the Lew-Chew islands. 
They are, from their position, well adapted to the purpose ; and the 
friendly and peaceful character of the natives encourages the hope that 
your visit will be welcomed by them. 

In establishing yourself at one or two convenient points in those 
islands, with the consent of the natives, you will yourself pursue the 
most friendly and conciliatory course, and enjoin the same conduct on 
all under your command. Take no supplies from them except by fair 
purchase, for a satisfactory consideration. Forbid, and at all hazards 
prevent, plunder and acts of violence on the part of your men toward 
these sim.ple and unwarlike people, for such they are described to be. 
Let them from the first see that your coming among them is a benefit, 
and not an evil to them. Make no use of force, except in the last 
resort for defence, if attacked, and self preservation. 

The President approves the idea suggested by you of encouraging 
the natives to turn their attention to agriculture, and has given orders 
to have the implements of husbandry mentioned by you sent out by the 
Vermont. He has also directed a small printing press, with type and 
materials for printing of all kinds, to be sent out by the Vermont. 

The President is gratified to perceive that you are impressed with 
the importance of the enterprise confided to your direction, the success 
of which will mainly depend upon your prudence and address. It will 
attract a large share of the attention of the civilized world ; and the 
President feels great confidence that the measures adopted by you will 
reflect credit on your own wisdom and discretion, and do honor to your 
country. 

I am, sir, respectfully, your obedient servant, 

EDWARD EVERETT. 

Commodore M. C. Perry, 

Commanding the United States naval forces in the C ana seas. 



Commodore Perry to Secretary of the Navy. 

[No. 4.] U. S. Steam Frigate Mississippi, 

Table Bay, Cajpe of Good Hope, Februai'y 2, 1853. 

Sir : I would respectfully refer to previous letters of mine to the 
department suggesting the expediency of sending out in the vessels 
destined for the Japan service an additional number of healthy, young 
American landsmen to fill vacancies occasioned by the numerous casu- 
alties constantly occurring on board of ships On the East India station. 

The landsmen allowed to this ship will be sufficiently instructed by 
the time they reach China to make excellent topmen. 

If one hundred more are sent out in the Vermont, or other vessels 



16 CORRESPONDENCE RELATIVE TO THE 

leaving for China, they can be made very useful, and may probably 
enable me to retain at least one of the ships of the squadron, the period 
of service of whose crew may be about expiring. 

An additional number of marines will also be of great advantage. 

Already the crew of this ship has been weakened eight in number 
by sickness, desertion, &c. 

The same rage prevails here for going to Australia as was prevalent 
some time since in the United States to proceed to California, and I 
fear that five or six of our men, one marine included, have been enticed 
away and concealed on shore, as they cannot be found. 

With great respect, I am, sir, your obedient servant, 

M. C. PERRY, 
Commanding East India Squadron, 

Hon. John P. Kennedy, 

Secretary of the Navy, Washington, 



Secretary of the Navy to Commodore Ferry, 

Navy Department, Ayril 7, 1853. 

Sir : In reply to the suggestion contained in your dispatch, num- 
bered 4, and of date February 2, 1853, to the effect that " if one hun- 
dred more landsmen are sent out in the Vermont, or other vessels leav- 
ing for China, they can be made very useful, and may probably enable 
me (you) to retain at least one of the ships of the squadron, the period of 
service of whose crew may be about expiring," you are informed that 
as Congress failed at its last session to grant the authority which was 
asked for by the department to enlarge the number of men of all classes 
for the naval service, and no means having been appropriated for that 
purpose, the withdrawal of the Vermont from your command has be- 
come unavoidable, as she cannot be manned without exceeding the 
number of seamen, &c., prescribed by law. It is probable, also, that 
the delay in preparing the Alleghany for sea may render her services 
unavailable in your squadron. 

This, however, must not interfere with your visit to Japan, as it is 
confidently believed that the force and the means which have been 
provided, and which will be completed on your being joined by the 
Macedonian, will be amply sufficient for the successful accomplish- 
ment of the objects of your mission. 

The administration will afford you all proper aid in carrying out the 
important objects with which you have been entrusted, and in fulfilling 
the public expectation in regard thereto. 

As the head of the Navy Department it affords me great satisfaction 
to express to you the confidence entertained in your ability, prudence, 
and sagacity to bring about the desired results contemplated by your 
instructions. 

I am, very respectfully, your obedient servant. 

J. C. DOBBIN. 

Commodore M. C. Perry, 

Commanding TJ. S. squadron, 

East India and China seas, Macao, China, 



NAVAL EXPEDITION TO JAPAN. 17 

Commodore Perry to the Secretary of the Navy. 

[No. 8.] United States Steam Frigate Mississippi, 

Hong Kong, April 9, ]853. 

Sir : I have the honor of reporting the arrival of the Mississippi at 
this port on the 7th instant, last from Singapore, having touched at 
Macao. 

Commodore Aulick relinquished the command on the ilth of last 
month, and departed for the United States by the overland route in the 
last steamer. 

No incident of importance occurred during the passage, and our 
officers and crew are in good health. 

On arrival here, I found my plans seriously deranged by the unex- 
pected absence of the Susquehanna, she having been dispatched to 
Shanghai, by Commander Kelly, seven days after the departure of 
Commodore Aulick, and for the purpose of transporting the Hon. Mr. 
Marshall and suite to that place, apprehensions being entertained that 
the movements of the revolutionists in the north of China might endan- 
ger the American interests in that quarter. Whatever may have been 
the urgent necessity of sending away a ship of the squadron at a 
moment when my arrival must have been hourly expected to assume 
the command, and when I should have cheerfully co-operated with 
Mr. Marshall, it would, I think, have been more judicious in Com- 
mander Kelly to have taken Mr. Marshall on board his own ship to 
Shanghai, or have sent the Saratoga, rather than have removed lirom 
my control, for an uncertain time, the steamer assigned as my flag 
ship. 

But I shall make no further comment until I have an opportunity of 
enquiring more fully into all the circumstances attending this singular 
act of temporary authority of Commander Kelly. 

I have sent the Plymouth to Shanghai, with orders for the Susque- 
hanna to await there my arrival, for which place I shall sail in a few 
days, preparatory to my departure for Japan. 

The department has been kept informed of my movements by pre 
vious letters Nos. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, transmitted from the several ports 
touched at on our outward passage. 

By the next mail I shall be better able to communicate any pohtical 
information that may be of interest at home. 

With great respect. I am, sir, your most obedient servant, 

M. C. PERRY, 
• Commanding East India Squadron. 

The Hon. Secretary of the Navy, 

Washington, D. C. 



Secretary of the Navy to Commodore Perry. 

Navy Department, April 18, 1853. 

Sir : It is understood at this department that the Russian govern- 
ment intends to send a portion of its naval force to visit the islands of 
Ex. Doc. 34 2 



18 CORRESPONDENCE RELATIVE TO THE 

Japan, probably in the laudable pursuit in which the squadron under 
your command is now engaged. 

Should the vessels of the United States squadron fall in with those 
of Russia, you will be pleased to require of all officers of your squadron 
to manifest all due respect to the Russian officers, by establisliing the 
most friendly communication, and by reciprocating to the fullest extent 
all civilities and kind offices that may be extended to them. 

I am, very respectfully, your obedient servant, 

J. C. DOBBIN. 

Commodore M. C. Perry, 

Comd'g U. S. Squadron in the East India and China seas. 



Secretary of th'i Navy to Commodore Perry. 

Navy Department, Af^ril 25, 1853. 

Sir: The dispatches of Commodore John H. Aulick to the depart- 
ment represent his health as much impaired, and the steamer Susque- 
hanna as being in a crippled condition, so much so as to render her 
further services in the East India and China seas a matter of doubtful 
reliance. It is also stated that she will not be in condition to accom- 
pany the squadron to Japan without first proceeding to England or the 
United States to receive the repairs necessary to make her an efficient 
war steamer. 

The department regrets this state of affairs, and, in view of the facts- 
disclosed, as well as in connexion with the detachment of Commodore 
Aulick from the command of the United States squadron in the East 
India and Cliina seas by my predecessors, and the near approach of 
the expiration of the term of enlistment of the crew of the Susque- 
hanna, deems it proper to instruct you, in the event of its being found 
impracticable to repair and make efficient and serviceable that steamer 
for your purposes, to order her return to the United States under the 
command of Commodore Aulick, and you will, at your discretion, re- 
tain Commander Buchanan for such other duty as you may find for 
him in your squadron. 

It is not the intention of the department to deprive you of the ser- 
vices of the Susquehanna, if you can find the requisite resources at hand 
to render her efficient for your visit to Japan. You will, therefore, ex- 
ercise your best judgment in this matter, repairing, if practicable, and 
retaining that steamer, if you still deem her co-operation important in 
the fulfilment of the mission entrusted to vou. 

The friends of Lieutenant John P. Gillis desire iiis return to the 
United States under circumstances which appeal strongly to the sym- 
pathies. You will, therefore, if the public service will suffer no detri- 
ment by his detachment from the Plymouth, permit him to take advan- 
tage of the first opportunity to return to his friends. 

I am, very respectfiiUy, your obedient servant, 

.J. C. DOBBIN. 

Commodore M. C Perry, 

Commanding U. S. Squadron^ Macao, China. 



'NAVAL EXPEDITION TO JAPAN. 19 

Commodorr. Perry to the Secretary of the Navy. 

[No. 11.] Shanohai, May 6, 1853. 

Sir: The alarm which had been produced b}^ the probable advance 
of the insurgents upon Shanghai, has in a measure subsided. The dif- 
ficulty of obtaining correct information from the interior induced Sir 
George Bonham, the British plenipotentiary, to ascend the Yang-tsze- 
kiang, in one of her majesty's small steamers, as far as Nankin, which 
city he found in possession of the insurgents, who also held the banks 
of the river about fifty miles below. 

Sir Georo:e states that he found the rebel armv in a state of misrule 
and disorganization, and not as numerous as had been reported ; and, 
in his opinion, this undisciplined force would ultimate^ be obliged to 
evacuate Nankin and retire to the south. That the chiefs with whom 
he conversed expressed a friendly feeling towards foreigners, and inti- 
mated no intention of approaching nearer to this place. The great ob- 
ject of the insurgents being to advance upon Pekin, which, once in 
their possession, the revolution would be complete. Other reports of 
persons accompanying Sir George differ materially from these ac- 
counts. 

As, however, the United States commissioner will communicate to 
the Department of State every particular respecting the political and 
commercial condition of the country, I merely refer to the subject with 
reference to the probable necessity of leaving one of the four ships, at 
present at my disposal, to look after and protect American interests 
here; though I hope to be able, as it will be highly important, to take 
them all to the coast of Japan ; sending one back to this place as soon 
as practicable. Upon this matter, however, I shall confer with the 
commissioner, and shall remain myself no longer here than will be ne- 
cessary to complete my business. 

The accompanying paper, marked D, is a translation of a dispatch 
received b};^ me on my recent arrival at Canton, from the Dutch gover- 
nor general of India, which, the department will perceive, is not very 
explicit. 

I can learn very little from Japan. Rumor reports that the Japanese 
government, assisted by the Dutch, have been, and still are, making ex- 
tensive preparations of defence against any warlike demonstration of 
the Americans ; but no reliance can be placed upon the correctness of 
these reports. **##*#* 

May 7. 

Yesterday the governor of Shanghai, with two high officers from a 
neighboring city, called on me to ask the assistance of the force under 
my command to suppress the insurrection. 

I replied that I had no authority to interfere, I'nid even if I had I 
should not and could not well do so, inasmuch as the representative of 
my government to China had not yet been officially accredited. That 
the government of the United States was disposed to be on the most 
friendly terms vvith China, and to extend her friendly and commercial re- 
lations with this country ; but as a preliminary step to a full and cor- 
dial intercourse, it would be necessary that the commissioner should be 



"20 CORRESPONDENCE RELATIVE TO THE 

received in a manner becoming to the power and dignity of the nation 
which he represented ; that it belonged to him to answer all questions 
of a diplomatic character relating to the friendly intercourse of the two 
governments. That I was in command of a naval force, employed in 
the general protection of American interests in other ports of the east 
as well as in China, but should at all times be happy to render any 
proper and peaceful service to the subjects of his imperial majesty 
wherever I might meet them. 

With 2:reat respect, I am, sir, your most obedient servant, 

M. C. PERRY, 
ConCg Hast India Squadron. 
The Hon. Secretary of the Navy, 
Washino-ion, D. C. 



[Translation D.] 

[No. 134.] Poerworedje, (Java,) September 22, 1852. 

Sir : I have been informed by my government of the request re- 
ceived from the government of the United States by letter from its 
charge d'affaires at the Hague, bearing date the 2d July last, as also 
of the promise made in consequence thereof by the government of the 
Netherlands to direct the chief of the Netherlands factory at Dezima to 
contribute as much as ma}^ be in his power to the success of the en- 
tirely friendly visit which an American squadron is about to pay to the 
isles of Japan. 

1 have the honor to intbrm 3^ou that the newly appointed chief of 
Dezima, Mr. J. H. Donker Curtius, late member of the supreme court 
of the Netherlands Indies, recently departed for Japan, has been fur- 
nished with instructions, in view of urging upon the Japanese govern- 
ment a change in its system of policy of exclusion equally in iavor of 
all nations who have hitherto lived in peace with the empire of Japan. 

Formal instructions, however, to promote especially the efforts of the 
government of the United States to effect this object in a peaceful and 
friendly manner have not, and could not have been given to the said 
chief, because at the time of his departure nothing was known officially, 
at least by the government of the Netherlands Indies, with respect to 
the intentions ot" the American o^overnment. 

When the communication of my government before mentioned had 
been received, I put the question to myself, whether it would be neces- 
sary or useful to dispatch again one of his majesty's men-of-war to 
Japan for the purpose of transmitting orders to the chief of the factory 
at Dezima, according to the promise of my government. 

After mature deliberation, I came to a negative answer of the said 
question, more especially because the sending of a Netherlands man-ot- 
war in the present time and circumstances might raise suspicion with 
the Japanese government, which probably would exercise an unfavor- 
able influence upon the negotiations in case such negotiations could be 
opened. 

I deem it my duty, however, if you think convenient, to avail of the 



NAVAL EXPEDITION TO JAPAN. 21 

promise made by the government of the Netherlands to furnish you the 
opportunity thereof, and for that purpose have the honor to forward 
herewith a dispatch addressed to the Netherlands chief at Dezim.a, 
which I ask you to be pleased to transmit to him, in case 3^ou should 
desire to procure his co-operation ; the dispatch containing the neces- 
sary orders to comply with 3^our demand in conformity with what has 
been promised. 

I beg to remark, in view of the object at present contemplated by 
both our governments, that in case the Netherlands chief of the factory 
at Dezima should have succeeded in opening negotiations widi the gov- 
ernment of Japan, it is not unlikely that any proof of co-operation be- 
tween America and Holland would prejudice these negotiations, as you 
are aware that the American expedition to Japan has not alwaj^s been 
represented to be of a wholly friendly and peaceful character. 
Accept, sir, the assurance of m}^ distinguished consideration. 
Your most obedient servant, 

DUYMAER VAN TWIST, 
Governor General of the Netherlands Indies. 
A. PRIONS, Secretary General. 
Commodore Perry, 

Commanding the American Sqiiadron hound for Japan. 



Commodore Perry to the Secretary of the Navy. 

[No. 12.] United States Steam Frigate Susquehanna, 

Shanghai, May 16, 1853. 

Sir : I have the honor to transmit, herewith, copies of certain com- 
munications which have passed between the honorable Humphrey 
Marshall, the commissioner to China, and myself; and trust that the 
course pursued by me will meet the approval of the department. 

The calls of Mr. Marshall upon the services of the vessels of the 
squadron have considerably embarrassed the plans I had formed of 
proceeding directly to Japan with my whole force, conformably to in- 
structions. 

As matters now stand I shall be obhged to leave the Plymouth here, 
at least for a short time, and proceed with this ship and the Mississippi 
to Lew-Chew, preparatory to my visit to Japan. The Saratoga has 
already been ordered to take the interpreter, Mr. S. Wells Williams, 
from Macao to Lew-Chew, there to meet me. 

Accounts from Japan state that extensive warlike preparations have 
been made to meet our ships, which indicate a determination in the 
government to adhere to its exclusive policy. 

The insurgents are still in possession of Nankin, and though an im- 
perial army is encamped withm a few miles of the city, we hear of no 
active movements on either side. 

The apprehensions of an attack upon Shanghai have, in a measure, 
subsided, and the Chinese are resuming their usual peaceful occupa- 
tions. 

As I shall be but three days of steaming from this place, a dispatch 



22 CORRESPONDENCE RELATIVE TO THE 

vessel would soon give me notice of any renewed demonstrations of the 
insurgents to approach this city ; and there being two English and one 
French steamer here, the presence of the Plymouth can, I think, soon 
be dispensed with, and she will be enabled to rejoin me. 
With great respect, I am, sir, vour most obedient servant, 

M. C. PERRY, 
Commanding East India Squadron. 
The Hon. Secretary of the Navy, 

PVashino-ton. D- C. 



Legation of the U. S. of America, Shanghai, 

May 11, 1853. 

Sir : I have the honor to enclose a copy of a letter addressed to me 
by the mercantile firms of this city composed of citizens of the United 
States. I have not undertaken a reply to it, because I am not placed 
by the President in possession of your instructions from the government, 
and therefore cannot be presumed to know whether your duty under 
those instructions will require the withdrawal of the whole naval force 
from this place or not. 

The letter discloses a large propert}^ belonging to American owners 
now exposed to risk, and certainly the condition of China at present 
renders all property now at this place insecure ; for, though no danger 
seems to threaten Shanghai at this moment, the occupation of the 
country around Nankin by hostile armies may bring the forces of either 
party to Shanghai at any time within thirty-six hours. But the present 
condition of affairs in China is likely to last through this entire season; 
and it will be your province to decide, under your instructions, upon 
the relative importance of protecting American interests at Shanghai, 
by the presence of a ship or ships-of-war, and the immediate applica- 
tion of the entire naval force in these seas to the expedition in which it 
is understood you are about to engage. 

When you shall have decided the proposition, I would be obliged 
that you would enable me to communicate the result to our fellow- 
citizens. 

I am, sir, verv respectfully, 

HUMPHREY MARSHALL. 

Commodore M. C. Perry, 

United States Commander-in-chief of the naval forces in the 

East India and China seas, and of the Ex'pedition to Japa7i. 



Shanghai, May 7, 1853. 

Sir: Having heard some rumors of an intention on the part of the 
commander of the United States naval force in this seas to withdraw 
all the American ships-of-war from this port, we deem it not out of 
place to call your attention to the subject, and to ask your interference 
if there are grounds for fhe report. 



NAYAL EXPEDITION TO JAPAN. 23 

Without entering into the consideration of the extent of the danger 
•which threatens foreign interests at this time, the disturbed state of the 
country sufficiently warrants us in expecting and asking, from the 
authorities of our country, protection for our property, which, we may 
mention, amounts, at a fair valuation, to $1,000,000 or $1,200,000, 
now at risk in this port. We beg that we may not be understood as 
placing belief in the rumor, but it has suggested to our minds the 
possibility of such a step, and the importance of the subject induces us 
to address you. 

We have the honor to remain, sir, very respectfully, your most obe- 
dient servants, 

RUSSELL & CO., 
WETMORE & CO., 
AUGUSTINE HEARD & CO., 
BULL, NYE & CO., 
SMITH, KING & CO. 

To Hon. Humphrey Marshall, 

, Minister of the United ^States to Cfma, ^c, S^'c, Sfc. 



United States Steam Frigate Susquehanna, 

Shanghai, May 12, 1853, 

Sir: I have had the honor of receiving your letter of yesterday, to- 
gether with a communication addressed to you by the American mer- 
cantile firms of this city, composed of citizens of the United States. 

In reply, I may remark, that I have endeavored to make myself ac- 
quainted with the present condition of things in this part of China, in 
view of deciding upon the actual necessity of leaving one of the ships 
of the squadron temporarily here, at a time when the services of my 
whole force are needed elsewhere. 

Before my departure, however, I shall determine the question; and 
I beg it to be understood that, so long as I command the United States 
naval forces in these seas, I shall be mindful to watch over the Ameri- 
can interests in China, as far as it can be done consistently with obli- 
gations of public duty in other ports of my command, and especially 
with reference to an important mission intrusted to my guidance. 
With great respect, I am, &c., 

M. C. PERRY, 
Commander-in-chief of the United States 7iaval forces 

in the East India, China, and Jay an seas. 

His Excellency H. Marshall, 

United States Commissioner to China, Shanghai. 



Shanghai, May 13, 1853. 

Sir : I have communicated to you verbally an account of my efforts 
'to present my credentials to the government of China, and the nature of 
the relation in which, at present, I am placed towards the public au- 



24 CORRESPONDENCE RELATIVE TO THE 

thority of this empire. You will, therefore, comprehend my embarrass- 
ment at the prospect of the withdrawal of the naval force of the United 
States from this coast at this time. 

My reception by this government is matter of deep interest to the 
United States, and especially to American citizens resident in China, 
and in my opinion will be materially affected both as to the time, 
manner, and place, by the presence of a vessel-of-war belonging to the 
United States to convey me to such point as may be selected by the 
emperor for that ceremony. 

I should not feel justified, under existing circumstances, in permitting 
you to depart on the expedition to Japan w^ithout making a formal ap- 
plication to you for the aid of a ship-of-war to conve}^ me without de- 
lay to the mouth of the Peiho, or as near that point as it will be safe to 
go — or to such other place as the emperor may indicate for my recep- 
tion — there to await until m}' official introduction to the pubhc author- 
ity of China shall have been consummated. 

You are aware that, after the fall of Nankin, I addressed an official 
note to the prime minister at Pekin, requesting the emperor to decide 
whether my credentials should be delivered in person, or communi- 
cated to him through an officer of state ; in which note I expressed my 
wish to be received at Pekin, as most conformable to the consideration 
due to the government I have the honor to represent. To that note I 
have received yet no reply, though more than a month has elapsed since 
it was committed to a proper channel for dispatch to its destination. 
When it was delivered to the tautai to forward to Pekin, he said a 
reply might be received in a month ; but at the expiration of that time 
he caused me to be informed that probably two or three monlhs would 
pass before an answer w^ould arrive. 

This fact creates a grave apprehension that the letter has either not 
been forwarded, or has been intercepted by some provincial authority, 
to whose hands necessity compelled the tautai to confide it. 

In either event it will be my dut}^, after a reasonable time shall have 
elapsed to afford opportunity tor a response, to move as near as practi- 
cable to the court of China, to jjresent my credentials in person. I have 
exhausted the means pointed out by the treaty to communicate with the 
emperor, to whom I am accredited, and am brought now to the alter- 
native of proceeding directly to the capital of the emperor, or of retiring 
from the country alter a refusal by the emperor to receive me. That 
act on his part would be of such grave import, that, notwithstanding 
the spirit of exclusiveness heretofore displayed by the court at Pekin, 
I do not think his imperial majesty would hazard the consequences in 
the existing condition of government. If he would, the United States 
cannot ascertain the fact too soon. A faithful but unsuccessful effort 
havmg been already made to find access to the court through an imperial 
commissioner, or a governor-general of the maritime provinces, (of 
which my letter advises the prime minister,) a refusal to receive me, 
or to appoint a commissioner to transact business with me, in a proper 
manner, at a suitable place, would exhibit such reckless disregard of 
treaty obligations, and of the courtesy due to the United States, as to 
justify the resort to ulterior measures to assert their dignity, and to 
place their future relations with China on a different basis. The action 



NAVAL EXPEDITION TO JAPAN. 25 

of the government of the United States in relation to Japan would, in my 
opinion, be materially affected by such an event ; for I entertain no 
doubt that the interest manifested by the American public in the suc- 
cess of your expedition to Japan rests upon the idea of future progress 
in peaceful and profitable intercourse with China. 

If the emperor of China, confronted by a formidable rebellion among 
his subjects against his dynast}^ would prefer to hazard w^ar wdth the 
United States to an admission of their envoy to his court, yet will not 
execute his treaty obligations by appointing a proper public officer to 
adjust questions which arise in the foreign relations of his government, 
the United States might well desire to modify their policy with regard 
to Japan until their future relations with China were more clearly ascer- 
tained. 

But it may be said that the serious consequences shadow^ed forth 
under this view^ of the subject may be avoided by the exercise of pa- 
tience on my part, in retaining my present position, until the affairs of 
this empire shall be so adjusted that the imperial commissioner, here- 
tofore resident at Canton, shall resume his post. You are aware, 
doubtless, that more than eighteen months have elapsed already since 
the troubles of the interior called that officer from the provincial city of 
the south, and you can see that, instead of the restoration of tranquil- 
lity, the cloud of civil war lowers more darkly than ever over the hori- 
zon of China. The progress of such a revolution, instead of dimin- 
ishing the reasons for my prompt and proper reception, increases them 
in the ratio of the multiplication of chances of interference by the hos- 
tile forces with the rights and property of American citizens resident in 
China. Certainly, if a public minister will ever be wanted to guard 
the rights of citizens of the United States in China, his presence is re- 
quired when they have millions at risk, in the presence of a country in 
hostile array, and agitated to its centre by the passions and schemes of 
revolution. Again : if ever there can be a moment propitious to the 
peaceful establishment of that equality of political intercourse wath the 
emperor of China which is considered desirable by the United States, 
and which is only to be attained by the introduction of their minister 
to a residence at Pekin, the present is the moment. Shall the United 
States lose this advantage for the immediate pursujt of a scheme which 
must be considered of secondary importance to whatever affects their 
political relations with this country ? Shall they relapse voluntarily 
to the unsatisfactory basis heretotbre maintained, and now rendered 
intolerable and humiliating by the fact that even that arrangement is 
made to yield, and to be indefinitely postponed, in view of the dis- 
turbances of the interior ? 

There is nothing to be hoped for in Japan equal to the advantages 
now actually enjoyed in China ; and it appears to me no effort should 
be spared to preserve the beneficial and prosperous commerce already 
opened with this great, extensive, and productive country. That com- 
merce is now paralyzed comparatively by the civil war in the bosom 
of the empire ; and it may be paralyzed altogether by such a failure 
on the part of China to flilfil her duty of courtesy and comity to the 
United States as shall compel my withdrawal from this country. I 
think that when the presence of your squadron was ordered by the 



26 CORRESPONDENCE RELATIVE TO THE 

department to aid my prosecution of a few private claims upon China, 
there can be httle room to doubt that their spirit and scope would 
justify 3-our assistance in the more serious public claim which is in- 
volved by the delay and embarrassment to which I am subjected in 
procuring an audience from the chief, or even a communication with 
the subordinate officers of this government, so as to enter upon the 
disposition of those claims. 

But, sir, it is not my purpose to weigh your obligations, or to essay 
to judge the force of your instructions. I confess myself ignorant of 
their character and extent. My purpose is only frankly to disclose 
my own situation, and my purposes, as well as my view of the import- 
ant matter iuvolved in the speedy resolution of the difficulties of my 
present position. Alone and unaided, it is palpable I can effect nothing 
to bring this government to a due sense of the propriet}^ of attending 
to my reception without delay, much less can I do so should the nature 
of your instructions compel you to withdraw all your force from this 
coast while I am applying to establish my diplomatic connexion with 
the court of China. 

It is my expectation to wait a reasonable time — say two or three 
weeks longer — to learn the fate of the letter I have already dispatched 
to Pekin ; and, should no reply be received, it is my wish then to avail 
uiyseXi of the existing condition of affairs in China to secure an official resi- 
dence at Pelcinfor the commissioner of the United States. 

If the conjuncture of affairs now existing shall be permitted to pass 
without the effort to secure that object, there is strong probability it 
will be lost for years and years to come. 

The government of the United States has always manifested an 
anxiety to secure this point, and has urged it upon the consideration of 
my predecessors as one of which the advantage was too important to 
be neglected upon any opportunity to achieve it. Therefore, Jam not 
now at liberty to disregard the circumstances which favor its prosecu- 
tion. 

In my opinion, the speedy decision of the proposition can be effected 
advantageously by my presence at the mouth of the Peiho to open a 
communication directly with Pekin. The use of one ship-of-war, in 
the first place, will be requisite to enable me to reach that position, 
and her presence will be proper during my negotiation. 

But I do not permit myself to doubt that you will find great pleasure, 
if compatible with the nature of your instructions, or if rendered possi- 
ble by the absence of a sufficient force to effect your own success in 
the special service in w^hich you are about to engage, to detach a ship 
from the squadron for the purpose I have herein indicated. 

I am, sir, most respectfully, your obedient servant, 

HUMPHREY MARSHALL. 

Commodore M. C. Perry, 

Commander-in-chief of United States naval forces 

in the East India, China, and Japan seas. 



NAVAL EXPEDITION TO JAPAN. 27 

United States Frigate Susquehanna, 

Shanghai^ May 16, 1853. 

Sir: Your communication of the 13th instant has been received, and 
after a respectful consideration of its contents, with a sincere desire to 
do that which will best conduce to the honor and interests of the United 
States, I am reluctantly constrained to say that I cannot see myself 
justified in employing one of the four vessels of war at present at my 
disposal in the manner you propose, and for reasons which seem to be 
conclusive. 

Because I have determined, at the expense of great inconvenience to 
the special service in which I am engaged, and by a virtual departure 
from the strict letter of my instructions, to leave the Plymouth, at least 
for a short time, at this .place, in conformity with the application made 
through you by citizens of the United States resident here ; and I trust 
I may be pardoned for dissenting from the arguments held forth by you 
as to the immediate necessity or expediency of an undertaking, the re- 
suit of which, if unsuccessful, as in all probability it would be, would 
doubtless produce unfriendly feelings between the United States and 
China, and retard, rather than advance, the object so much desired, of 
establishing an American embassy at Pekin. 

With these convictions I could not, even if I were so authorized, con- 
sistently co-operate with you in an experiment, the uncertain issue of 
which might seriously involve our commercial relations with this coun- 
try, at present upon a comparatively favorable footing, with prospective 
promises of greater advantages. 

We now stand upon the same ground with other great maritime 
powers, as no foreign minister has yet been permitted to reside at the 
capital of China; nor has the French minister. Monsieur de Bourbaulon, 
as I am informed, more than yourself been accredited. 

But the question is one which may properly and without inconve- 
nience be referred to our rulers at home ; and I hardly need say, that 
whatever instructions may be addressed to me by the Navy Depart- 
ment will be promptly executed. 

Meantime, should the Chinese government, in answer to your appli- 
cation, indicate a willingness to receive you at the capitol, I shall be 
most happy to render every facility in my power to give weight and 
importance to your mission. 

The enclosed copy of a report of Commander Kelly will furnish 
another reason for the decision arrived at by me. 

With great respect, I am, sir, your most obedient servant, 

M. C. PERRY, 
Commander-in-chief of the United States naval forces 

in the East hidia^ China, and Ja/pan seas. 



United States Ship Plymouth, 

Shanghai, May 15, 1853. 

Sir : In compliance with your instructions, I have examined the charts 
and directions for navigating the Yellow sea and the gulf of Petche-See 



28 CORRESPONDENCE RELATIVE TO THE 

to the mouth or entrance of the Peiho river, and find that, having been 
visited so httle by European navigators, the coast and harbors are 
very imperfectly known. Many islands have been laid down as having 
been seen, but their situations very imperfectly defined ; and many 
reefs and sand-banks, that are covered at high-water. It also appears 
that both the sea and the gulf are subject to very heavy white fogs, at 
this season of tlie year, for several days in succession ; the currents 
very strong, averaging from 3J to 4 knots per hour. I have therefore 
to report that, in my opinion, it would be extremely hazardous for a 
vessel drawing the draft of water of this ship to attempt to reach the 
anchorage off the mouth of the river Peiho. The few European vessels 
that have heretofore visited this coast have invariably been accom- 
panied by vessels of lighter draught of water, for the purpose of sound- 
ing, &c. But even their reports can scarcely be relied upon, as the 
deposit from the many streams emptying into the gulf is constantly 
forming new banks. 

I have the honor to be, sir, very respectful^, your obedient servant, 

JOHN KELLY, 

Commander. 



Commodore Perry to the Secretary of the Navy. 

[No. 13.] United States Steam Frigate Susquehanna, 

Napa, Lew-Chew, June 2, 1853. 

Sir : I have the honor to report my arrival at this port on the 26th 
ultimo, in company with the "Mississippi" and "Saratoga," and was 
joined by the "Supply" on the 28th. The "Plymouth" was left at 
Shanghai ; but 1 still hope that the apprehensions of the American 
merchants of an attack upon the city by the rebels may have so far 
subsided as to authorize Commander Kelly to join me before my visit 
to Japan. 

Judging from appearances at the time I left Shanghai, I am of opin- 
ion if there should have been no change that there is very little neces- 
sity of her remaining there. 

It would probably be better to wait the arrival out of more of the 
vessels destined for the station before going to Japan, but I have not 
heard positively of the saihng of either one of them ; and the uncer- 
tainty of the time they may be expected at Macao has induced me to 
come thus far with all the force at present at my command. If I were 
to defer my visit much later, I should lose the favorable season for ex- 
ploring the coast. 

This beautiful island is a dependency of Japan, and is governed by 
the same laws ; the people are industrious and inoffensive, and I have 
al/eady made considerable progi'ess in calming their fears and con- 
ciliating their friendship ; and, as I propose to make this a port of ren- 
dezvous for the squadron, it may be hoped that, in the course of time, 
the whole population of the island may become quite friendly. 

They have already consented to receive compensation for the sup- 
plies which they are to furnish the ships. 



NAVAL EXPEDITION TO JAPAN. 29 

I am only waiting here to establish a good understanding with these 
people before my visit to Japan, that information of our friendly de- 
monstration towards the Lew-Chewans may precede us, and assure the 
Japanese that we have no hostile intentions. 

But I question whether I shall be able to effect much this summer. 
It will be my study, however, to manage in such way as to prevent, if 
possible, any collision with these singular and impracticable people. 

I shall have the advantage during my visit of ascertaining whether 
they are disposed to relax in their policy of exclusion so far as to admit 
us peaceably to their ports, or whether they will persist in their un- 
friendly acts. With this knowledge, and with a more imposing force, I 
shall be able to act more advisedly and decisively the ensuing- spring. 

With great respect, 1 have the honor to be your obedient servant, 

M. C. PERRY, 
Commander-in-chief United States navial forces 

East India, China, and Japan seas. 

The Hon. Secretary of the Navy, Washington. 



The Secretary of the Navy to Commodore Perry. 

Navy Department, September 5, 1853. 

Sir: Your dispatch. No. 13, dated at Napa, Lew-Chew, June 2, 
1853, has been received. 

The department is gratified at the favorable account of your visit to 
the island of Lew-Chew, and approves your course as indicated in the 
dispatch referred to therein. 

Very respectfully, your obedient servant, 

J. C. DOBBIN. 
Commodore M. C. Perry, 

Commanding United States squadron, 

East India and China seas, Hong Kong, China. 



Commodore Perry to the Secretary of the Navy. 

[No. 15.] U. S. Steam Frigate Susquehanna, 

Najpa, Island of Lew- Chew, June 25, 1853. 

Sir: Availing of a period of unavoidable detention of the squadron 
at this place, waiting the return of a coal vessel sent to Shanghai, as 
well for coal as to procure a competent Chinese interpreter, (the one 
brought by Mr. Williams from Canton being very ill and in a dying 
state,) I thought I could have no more favorable opportunity this 
summer to visit the Bonin islands; and, accordingly, leaving the 
''Mississippi" and "Supply" at Napa, I sailed, with the Saratoga in 
tow, for Peel island, and anchored at Port Lloyd on the morning of the 
14th instant. 

As my instructions direct me to seek out and establish ports of refuge 



m CORRESPONDENCE RELATIVE TO THE 

and refreshment for vessels traversing these distant seas, I have, frona 
the commencement of the cruise, kept constantly in view the port in 
which we are now at anchor, and the principal harbor of the Bonin 
islands, as well for general convenience of resort as to furnish connect- 
ing links, or suitable stopping places, for a line of mail steamers, which 
I trust may soon be established between some one of our Pacific ports 
and China, an event so much to be desired, and, if accomphshed, one 
that will be distinguished, even in the histor}^ of these remarkable 
times, as of the highest importance to the commerce of the United 
States, and of the world. 

The mails from the United States and Europe, by the way of Egypt, 
the Red Sea, and Indian ocean, arrive regularly at Hong Kong almost 
to a day, twice a week in each month. From Hong Kong to Shang- 
hai, five days may be allowed lor the passage. To this point the 
British government would doubtless extend its mail if it Were taken up 
by us, and continued on to California. 

Its transportation, by steam, from Shanghai to San Francisco, via the 
Bonin and Sandwich Islands, would occupy thirty days, allowing three 
daj^s for stopping for coal, etc. Tims, the distance from San Francisco 
to Honolulu, in the Sandwich Islands, is roughly estimated at 2,093 
miles ; from Honolulu to Peel Island, 3,301 miles ; and from Peel island 
to the mouth of the Yang-tzse-Keang, or Shanghai river, 1,081 miles ; in 
all 6,475 miles ; and allowing 240 miles per day, the time at sea would 
be tv/enty-seven and the time in port three days ; from San Francisco 
to New York — days would be required, making from Shanghai to New 
York — davs.* 

The usual time occupied in transporting the mail from England to 
Hong Kong, via Marseilles, (the shortest route,) is from forty-five to 
forty-eight days; add to that two days detention at Hong Kong, and 
five more to Shanghai, would make the time required to reach the latter 
place from fifty-two to fifty-five days. 

Shanghai might be considered the terminus of the English and the 
commencement of the American mail ; and thus an original letter could 
be sent west by way of Europe, and its duplicate east by way of Cali- 
fornia, the first arriving at Liverpool about the time its duphcate reaches 
New York. 

But apart from the advantages, and, I may add, the glory of perfect- 
ing a scheme so magnificent, this line of steamers would contribute 
largely to the benefit of commerce. Already many thousands of China- 
men are annually embarking for California, paying for their passages 
each $50, and finding themselves in everything, excepting water and 
fuel for cooking their ibod. 

These provident people are the most patient and enduring laborers, 
and must, by their orderly habits, add greatly to the agricultural inte- 
rests of Cahfornia. 

But Shanghai is now becoming the great commercial mart of China; 
already does it outrival Canton in its trade with the United States, 
and when it shall be considered that the fine teas and silks, and other 
rare and valuable commodities of that part of China can be conveyed 

* I am not sufficiently acquainted with the present arrangement of the mails to fill up the 
blanks. 



NAVAL EXPEDITION TO JAPAN. 31 

by means of steam to California in five, and to New York in eight 
weeks, it is impossible to estimate in anticipation the advantages that 
Hong may grow out of an intercourse so rapid and so certain. 

I cannot, in the space of a letter, give a full description of the Bonin 
islands, and, therefore, beg to refer to the accompanying extracts from 
my rough joui-nal. It is enough to say that Port Lloyd is admirably 
adapted for a coal depot and stopping place for steamers ; its geo- 
graphical position is convenient either for a route to Shanghai or Hong 
from the Sandwich Islands. 

The chmate is salubrious, and the harbor commodious and safe, and 
perfectly easy of access, either by night or day, and the soil is excel- 
lent for cultivation, and is capable, with an increase of labor, of fur- 
*nishing all the supplies of meat, poultry, fruit, and vegetables, that any 
number of vessels would require. 

But there is one, and only one, difficulty in the way of investing 
American capital in these islands, and that difficulty lies in the uncer- 
tainty of the right of sovereignty of the soil, which has never yet been 
established, though the most prominent claimant is the queen of Eng- 
land, w^ith no other right, however, than that which may have grown 
out of the performance of a ceremony (perhaps not expressly authorized 
by his government) by Captain Beechey, commanding the English sur- 
veying vessel "Blossom," who, in 1827, formally took possession of 
the group and gave English names to all the islands. 

The year following, a Captain Liitke, of the Russian navy, went 
through the same ceremony ; and four years before the visit of Beechey, 
a Captain Coffin,* whose nationality is not mentioned, but from the 
name the probability is he was an American, visited the group, and 
gave his name to one of the islands. — (See further particulars in ex- 
tracts from my journal.) 

There is no doubt that the Japanese were the first discoverers of 
these islands ; that they were settled by them and subsequently aban- 
doned; that the Spaniards, Portuguese, and Dutch, in their early voy- 
ages to the east may have seen them; and in later years they have been 
known to the Americans, English, and Russians; but neither of the 
European nations have, up to this day, made the slightest attempts to 
settle them. 

Taking all these considerations into view, and in consideration of the 
pertinacity with which nations upon mere points of honor hold to claims 
of sovereignty, however valueless they may be, I trust I may be par- 
doned in suggesting that an understanding may be had with the British 
government through our minister at London, that Port Lloyd or Peel 
Island, whether under the flag of the United States or England, or a 
local flag, may be considered a free port and a place of resort to ves- 
sels of all nations, and especially a stopping place for mail steamers, 
under such regulations as may be agreed upon. 

This course would prevent all future difficulties and mutually benefit 
the commerce of both nations, thou2:h there are but few EnHish vessels 
traversing this part of the Pacific ; the object once accomplished, Port 
Lloyd would become a place of the highest importance to the com- 

* Much valuable information respecting these islands may be obtained from retired whaling- 
captains at Nantucket and New Bedford. Coffin was probably from Nantucket. 



CORRESPONDENCE RELATIVE TO THE 

merce of the Pacific ocean, and more especially to the American trade 
to China. 

Should the department, however, deem it desirable for me to take 
possession of the islands in the name of the United States, I w-ill do so 
and adopt the best means of holding them. 

I am now only waiting the return of a coal vessel from Shanghai, 
with the interpreter sent for from that place, when I shall sail for Yedo 
with this ship, the Mississippi, Saratoga, and Ph'mouth. 

But in consequence of the lateness of the season, owing to the, de- 
tention of the vessels upon the coast of China, and the non-arrival of 
any of those ordered to join me from the United States, I do not expect 
to accomplish more this summer than to make a reconnoissance of the 
bay of Yedo and some other parts of the coast, and to ascertain the * 
temper and feelings of the Japanese government with respect to our 
visit, deeming it more wise to make my principal demonstration in the 
following spring, when I shall be able to exhibit a more imposing force, 
for I cannot anticipate a willing reception; on the ^contrar^^ from all 
I can learn, they are prepared to throw every difficulty in the way of 
amicable negotiation. I must, therefore, be careful to secure and keep 
the right side of the question, and if the}' determine on hostile acts, to 
put them in the WTong by reasonable forbearance. 

I conceive, however, that we have already effected a great deal in 
securing two of the desired ports of refuge. Port Lloyd and this ; 
and in quietl}' establishing ourselves upon this island we have already 
made considerable progress in conciliating the people. Interchanges 
of visits and entertainments have taken place, and exhibitions of the 
Daguerreotye, the magnetic telegraph, the submarine armor, and other 
scientific apparatus have been made to the utter astonishment of the 
people. All these incidents are duly recorded and transmitted to 
Japan. 

Parties from the ships traverse the island without molestation, and 
are kindly received ; and payment is now taken in money for supplies 
furnished to the squadron. In truth, Lew-Chew is a direct and valu- 
able dependency of Japan, and we have even now all the control over 
it necessary for our present purposes. 

And were it not that the authorities and people are kept in constant 
dread of the consequences that would be visited upon them by the 
government of Japan, or rather the prince of Satsuma, to whose prov- 
ince the Lew-Chews belong, they would be dehghted at our coming 
amongst them, and this makes it a duty with me to protect them as far 
as I can against the vindictiveness of their cruel and unnatural rulers ; 
hence I shall keep a ship here whenever one can be spared. 

With great respect, I am, sir, your obedient servant, 

M. C. PERRY, 
Commanding East India Squadron. 

The Hon. Secretary of the Navy, 

Washingto?i, D. C 

P. S. I have been greatly disappointed at the non-arrival of the ves- 
sels ordered from the United States; even the store ship "Southamp- 



NAVAL EXPEDITION TO JAPAN. 33 

ton," which left home seven months since has not yet made her ap- 
pearance. 

I also deem it my duty to say that there are not a sufficiency of offi- 
cers attached to the several vessels of the squadron to perform the 
many duties devolving upon them, of which an important department 
is that of surveying. 

The climate of this station is very enervating, and we have large 
sick lists ; and I fear, unless recruits, especially of passed midshipmen 
and midshipmen, are sent out, many of those who are now zealous in 
the performance of their duties will break down. The service of good 
officers are, in the present lax state of discipline of the navy, still more 
necessary. __ 



SEP 25isoa 

A. 



M. C. PERRY. 



Extracts from the rough Journal of Commodore Perry* 

The Benin islands extend in direction nearly north and south, be- 
tween the latitudes of 26^ 30' and 27° 45' north, the centre line of the 
group being in longitude about 142^ 15' east. 

The principal islands, and, indeed, all of them, have been named by 
Captain Beechey, of her majesty's ship " Blossom." The northern 
cluster he called Parry's Group; to the middle cluster, consisting of 
three larger islands, he gave the names respectively of "Peel," "Buck- 
land," and "Stapleton;" and the southern cluster he called "Baiiy's 
Islands." 

*" The southern cluster is evidently that in which a whale ship, 
commanded by a Mr. Coffin, anchored in 1823, who was the first to 
communicate its position to this country, and who bestowed his name 
upon the port. As the cluster was, however, left without any distin- 
guishing appellation, I named it after Francis Bail}^ esq., late president 
of the Astronomical Society." 

These islands are evidently volcanic, the internal fires being still at 
work, as Mr. Savoy, the oldest surviving settler on the island, informed 
me that they experienced two or three tremblings of the earth every 
year. 

The islands, headlands, and detached rocks present the most gro- 
tesque forms, exhibiting the appearances of castles, towers, animals, 
and almost every hideous thing conceivable to the imagination. 

These geological formations must be of great antiquit}^, as we noticed 
numeroils canal-like passages in the cliffs, as one might suppose hewn 
out by the work of the chisel, but they have evidently been dykes pro- 
duced by the overflowing and cooling of the lava, and then smoothed 
by the abrasion or attrition of the torrents which are precipitated in the 
rainy season down the sides of the mountains towards the sea. 



* I quote from Findlay's Directory of the Pacific Ocean, not having Beechey 's work 

before me. 

Ex. Doc. 34 3 



34 CORRESPONDENCE RELATIVE TO THE 

These dykes in many parts of the island where the action of the 
water courses, assisted by the atmosphere, has not produced any ma- 
terial change, still retain their peculiar step-like formation, and the ob- 
server might imagine that he was gazing upon a series of steps cut by 
th*e hand of man in the solid rock, to facilitate his descent and ascent 
to and from the summits of the mountains. 

Indeed I know of no part of the world which can offer greater in- 
terest to the researches of the geologist than these islands present ; 
they are of trappean formation, as naturally connected with their 
volcanic origin ; but I am not sufficiently acquainted with mine- 
ralogy to distinguish the several varieties of which the masses are com- 
posed, though specimens have been procured for the examination of the 
scientific* 

Port Lloyd is situated on the western side, and nearly in the centre of 
Peel Island. It is easy of ingress and egress, and may be considered 
a safe and commodious harbor ; though of deep anchorage, ships 
usually anchor in from 18 to 22 fathoms. 

The port is laid down on Beechey's chart to be in latitude 27° 5' 
36" N. and 142^ 11' 30" east longitude. This position is, I conceive, 
erroneous, as by two sets of observations made by the master of the 
Susquehanna the longitude was found to be 142° 16' 30" east, five miles 
more to the east than Beechey makes it. 

The safest anchorage is to be found as high up the harbor as a ship 
can convenient^ go, having regard to depth and room for swinging 
and veering cable. Strangers can easily discover, by examination, the 
proper position to which they can warp their ships. 

Beechey's directions for entering the port are sufficientl}^ correct ; 
Castle island, which he speaks of, is easily distinguished and furnishes 
a good mark. The starboard shore or Southern Head should be kept 
aboard, clearing it one or two cables to avoid a small rock, lying about 
150 or 200 yards from the blufi", and having upon it only eight feet at 
low water. 

I have caused the letter (S) in a circle to be painted upon the bluff 
of Southern Head, to mark the bearins: of the rock due north from said 
mark, (S.) 

Wood and water can be obtained in abundance, though the former must 
be cut by the crew, and, of course, taken on board green. The water 
is obtained from running streams and is of good quahty. 

The few settlers still remaining on Peel island, the other islands 
being uninhabited, raise considerable quantities of sweet potatoes, 
Indian corn, onions, taro, and a few fruits, the most abundant of which 
are water melons, bananas, and pine apples ; a few pigs and some 
])0ultry are also raised. For these they find ready sale to the whale 
ships ^constantly touching at the port ibr water and other supplies. 
During the four days we were at anchor at Port Lloyd, three whale- 
men — two American and one English — communicated b}^ means of 
iheir boats with the settlement, and carried away many supplies pro- 
cured generally in exchange for articles, of which ardent spirits are the 
most acceptable to many of the settlers. 

"■" It should be recollected that these are simply rough notes, which have not been revised. 

M. C. P. 



NAVAL EXPEDITION TO JAPAN. 35 

Were it not for the scarcity of working hands a much greater extent 
of land would be cultivated ; at present there cannot be more than 150 
acres under cultivation in the whole island, and this in detached spots, 
generally at the seaward termination of ravines furnishing fresh water, 
or upon plateaux of land near the harbor. 

The soil is of excellent quality for cultivation, very much resembling 
that of Madeira and the Canary islands, (the latter being in the same 
parallel of latitude,) and consequently is admirably adapted for the cul- 
tivation of the vine, and of wheat, tobacco, sugar-cane, and many other 
valuable plants. Of sugar and tobacco the settlers already cultivate 
enough for their own consumption. 

Timber for building purposes is rather scarce, and would soon be 
exhausted if any increase of population were to call for the erection of 
many buildings. The best kinds are the tamana and the wild mul- 
berry. The former is similar to the red-wood of Brazil and Mexico, 
and is very enduring. 

I caused the island to be thoroughly explored by two parties of offi- 
cers, and their reports will be duly filed with other similar papers. 
The masters of this ship and the "Saratoga" also surveyed the harbor. 

The scarcity of sea and land birds has been noticed by every one 
as singular ; not more than five or six varieties of land birds have been 
seen. Of these the common crow and the pigeon are the largest ; the 
others are of small size. Of gulls and other sea birds we saw very 
few, the booby being the most numerous. I noticed before reaching 
the islands a few petrels ; these were of unusually large size and of 
singularly brilliant plumage. 

Of quadrupeds we may enumerate hogs, goats, deer, bullocks, and 
sheep, with any number of cats and hogs. Many of the cats and hogs 
having strayed to the jungle, are honored with the appellation of wild 
cats and wild boars, and are hunted accordingly with dogs. A few 
deer and goats were, some years ago, placed upon North or Stapleton 
island by the settlers, and the goats have multiplied prodigiously. 

Bulls, cows, and sheep, and a few goats, were landed from the 
Susquehanna in view of their increase. Two bulls and two cows being 
put on shore at Sand bay, on the north side of Peel island, and two 
rams and five Shanghai broad-tailed sheep, with six goats, on North 
island. 

On Buckland island there are a good number of hogs ; and the 
settlers have recently stocked two others of the smaller islands with 
goats, so that in the course of time they will increase to many 
thousands. 

The harbor of Port Lloyd and the neighboring waters furnish 
excellent fish, which may be taken by the hook or seine, though the 
places for hauling the seine are few, owing to the coral which in many 
parts lines the shores. 

The best place for hauling the seine in Port Lloyd is upon a sandy 
beach, in Ten-fathom hole, where there is a small clear spot. The 
varieties of fish are not very numerous ; of those taken in the seine of 
the Susquehannah, I noticed but five: the mullet, (the most numerous,) 
two varieties of perch, the gar, and the common ray. 



36 CORRESPONDENCE RELATIVE TO THE 

Sharks are ver}^ numerous, and, when quite small, they frequent the 
shallow places amongst the coral rocks near the shore, and are there 
pursued by the dogs, seized upon, and dragged ashore. 

Of edible shell-fish there are none, that I could learn, excepting the 
chama gigas, (tridacne.) which must be very tough and indigestible. 
Of other vai'ieties of the testacea there are many, but none of any rarity. 
The family of Crustacea is, however, more extensive, but the kinds are 
chiefly confined to the land-crab, which are of ever}^ variet}^ of size, 
form, and color. A most numerous kind is what- is generally called 
the pirate. These are seen in every direction, near the shore, travelling 
about with their ridiculous domicils upon their backs, which they seem 
to have selected more bv chance than choice. 

The waters of the Benin islands furnish abundance of fine crawfish, 
as also green turtle, of which w^e obtained a good supply. 

According to Kempfer, these islands were known to the Japanese 
as early as 1675, and they described them under the name of Bune 
Sima, and as abounding with fish and crabs, some of which were from 
four to six feet long. From this description of the crabs, I am led to 
believe that they mistook the enormous green turtle, which are so 
common here, for crabs. Other accounts give a much earlier date for 
their discovery by the Japanese. 

Extract from Kempfer. 

"About the year 1675, the Japanese accidentally discovered a very 
laro:e island, one of their barks havinsf been forced there in a storm 
from the island Fatsicio, from which they computed it to be 300 miles 
distant towards the east. They met with no inhabitants, but found it 
to be a \exy pleasant and fruitful countr}^ well supplied with fresh 
water, and furnished with plenty of plants and trees, particularly the 
arrack tree, wdiich, however, might give room to conjecture that the 
island lay rather to the south of Japan than to the east, these trees 
growing only in hot countries. They called it Bune Sima ; and be- 
cause they found no inhabitants upon it, they marked it with the char- 
acter of an uninhabited island. On the shores they found an incred- 
ible quantity of fish and crabs, some of which w^ere from four to six 
feet long." * 

Extracts from Kla-protli's translation of San Kokp Tsoir Ran To Sets. 

" The original name of these islands is 0-gasa-wara-sima, but they 
are commonly called xMon-nin-sima, (in Chinese, Wu-jin-ton,) or the 
islands without people, and this is the name which I have adopted in 
my work. That of 0-gasa-wara-sima, or the 0-gasa-wara islands, 
was o-iven to them after the navigator who first visited them and who 
prepared a map of them. In the same manner has the southern part 
of the New World been called Magalania, (INIagellan,) who discovered 
it some two hundred years since. 

* Doubtless mistaking turtle for crabs. — M. C. P. 



NAVAL EXPEDITION TO JAPAN. 37 

The Bonin islands are found 270 ri to the southeasterly of the province 
of Idsu. From Simoda in that principality, it is 13 ri to the island of 
Myake ; from thence to Sin-sima or New island, seven ri ; from Sin- 
sima to Mikoura, five ri ; from thence to Fatsicio or Fatiho, (Fatsisio,) 
41 ri ; and lastly, from this to the most northern of the uninhabited 
islands, it is reckoned to be 180 ri ; and to the most southerly 200 ri. 

"This archipelago lies in the 27th degree of north latitude. The cli- 
mate is warm and makes the valleys lying between the high mountains, 
watered by rivulets, to be very fertile, so that they produce beans, 
wheat, millet, grain of all kinds, and sugar cane. The tree called Nan- 
kin — faze or tallow tree (Stilhngia sebiiera) grows there, and likewise 
the wax tree. The fishery is good and might be made very productive. 

"Many plants and trees grow in these islands, but there are very few 
quadrupeds. There are trees so large that a man cannot embrace them 
with his arms, and which are frequently thirty Chinese fathoms in 
height, (or 240 feet.) Their wood is hard and beautiful. There are 
also some very high trees resembling the siou-ro-tsoung-liu, or chama- 
rops excelsa, cocoa nuts, areca palms, that tree w^hose nuts are called 
pe-eouan-tsy in Chinese, the katsirau, the red sandal wood, the tou-mou, 
the camphor, tub figs of the mountains, a high tree whose leaves re- 
semble those of the ground ivy, the cinnamon tree, mulberr}', and some 
others. 

" Among the plants the smilax China, (or China root,) called san-ke- 
rei, the to-ke, a medicinal herb called assa-ghion-keva, and others are 
to be reckoned. 

"Among birds there are different species of parrokeets, cormorants, 
partridges, and some resembling white sea-mews, but more than three 
feet long. All these birds have so little wildness, that they can be 
taken w^ith the hand. 

" The chief productions of the mineral kingdom in this archipelago, 
are alumn, green vitriol, stones of different colors, petrifactions, &c. 

" Whales are found in the sea, also huge crawfish, enormous shells 
and echinee, which are called ' gall of the sea.' The ocean here is 
unusually rich in various products. 

"In the third year of the reign Ghen-Fo (1675,) Simaye Saghemon, 
Biso Saghemon, and Simaye Dairo Saghemon, three inhabitants of 
Nagasaki, took a sea voyage to the principahty of Idsu. They were 
embarked in a large junk, built by a skillful Chinese carpenter. These 
three men were well acquainted with astronomy and geography, and 
accompanied by Fatobe, the chief ship carpenter of the port of Yedo, 
who dwelt in the lane of nets. Their vessel was managed by thirty 
sailors. Having obtained a passport from the imperial marine, they 
left the harbor of Simoda, the 5th day of the 4th moon, and steered for 
the island of Fatsio. From thence they sailed towards the southeast 
and discovered a group of eighty islands. They drew up a map and 
an exact account of them, in which are some curious details respecting 
the situation, climate, and productions of this archipelago. They re- 
turned the 20th day of the 6th moon, in the same year, to Simoda, 
where Simaye published an account of his voyage. 

" It is singular that this writer makes no mention of the swift current, 
kuro-se-gaw, which is experienced between the islands of Mikura and 



38 CORRESPONDENCE RELATIVE TO THE 

Fatsio. Its breadth exceeds twenty matze, (about half a ri,) and it 
flows with great swiftness from east to west* about one hundred ri. This 
omission would be inexplicable if this current was not much less rapid 
in summer and autumn than it is in winter and spring. Simaye, in his 
passage to theBonin islands, passed it in the first part of the intercalary 
month, which succeeds the fourth moon; on his return, the latter part 
of the sixth moon, he should have found the currents less rapid, and 
thus his attention was not called to this dangerous passage." 

"The largest of the eighty islands is fifteen ri in circuit, and thus is 
a little less than Iki island in size. Another is ten ri in circumference, 
and about the size of Amakusa island. Besides these two there are eight 
others, which are from two to six and seven ri around. These ten 
islands have flat plateaux which could be made habitable, and where 
grain would grow very well. The climate is warm and favorable to 
cultivation, one might infer from their geographical position. They 
afford various valuable productions. The remaining seventy islets are 
only mere steep rocks, and produce nothing." 

"A colony of condemned criminals has been sent to these islands, 
there to labor; they have tilled the earth and planted some patches. 
They are collected in villages, and have brought together the same 
things found in other provinces of the empire. One can visit these 
islands and bring back its products in the same year. In this way a 
trade would easily spring up, and the benefit to be drawn from it would 
be considerable. This must be plain to all." 

"In the reign Au-Yei, (from 1771 to 1780,) I was sent on a commis- 
sion into the province of Fisen, where I became acquainted with a 
Dutchman named Aarend Werle Veit, who showed me a geography 
in which mention was made of some islands lying 200 ri to the south- 
east of Japan, called Woest Eiland by the author. The word Woesi 
means desert, and eiland, (or yeirand, as the original reads,) island. 
He remarks, that these islands are not inhabited, but that many sorts of 
herbs and trees are found there. The Japanese might establish a col- 
ony on one of these islands on which grain and other productions would 
thrive. In spite of the length of the voyage thither, the establishment 
would be useful to them for these purposes. The Dutcli company 
would derive very little advantage from the possession of these islands, 
they being too small and too remote for their use." 

" I have thought proper to repeat these words, which deserve to be 
borne in mind, and with them I bring to a conclusion all that I have 
to say respecting the Benin Islands." 

But upon the subject of the early discovery of these islands, I shall 
have more to say. It is only necessary now to remark, that the des- 
cription given in the two preceding extracts correspond exactly with 
the present appearance of the islands. The arrack, or areca-tree, is 
found upon Peel island, as well as many other tropical trees and plants. 

And in further confirmation of the accounts given by Kempfer, of 
the accidental visit of a Japanese junk, in 1675, I was informed by 
Mr. Savory, that about thirteen years ago a small Japanese vessel, of 
about forty tons, came into Port Lloyd, having been driven by stress 

■ -~ ~ — ~ 9 ' 

*This writer in describing the direction of the current is mistaken. 



NAYAL EXPEDITION TO JAPAN. 39 

of weather from the coast of Japan. She had on board nothing but 
dried fish. Remaining during the winter, she sailed on her return 
home in the spring, being provided gratuitously, by the settlers, with 
provisions. 

Again, about five years ago, a French whaling ship, cruising off 
Stapleton island, discovered a smoke on shore, and sending a boat to 
the spot, there discovered the wreck of a Japanese junk, and five of 
her crew, the only survivors, in a most helpless condition. These they 
took on board, and conveyed to Port Lloyd, and they were subsequently 
taken away by the humane Frenchman, with the intention, as he 
avowed, of landing them upon one of the Japanese Islands. 

A party of officers from the Susquehanna, on a visit to Stapleton 
island, accidentally saw the wreck of this vessel, and the following is 
the account given by one of them, Mr. Heine : 

"In the little bay where we landed, we found the wreck of a junk, 
kept together with large copper nails, and having nailed on it several 
pieces of sheet copper. From these materials, I concluded that it was 
a Japanese junk. The wreck could not be very old, as the edges of 
the boards were little rubbed or damaged." 

Of the settlers who came from the Sandwich Islands in 1830, accom- 
panied by several natives of those islands, male and female, there are 
but few left. The names of the whites, who were the leaders in this 
adventure, were as follows: Mattheo Mazara, a Genoese; Nathaniel 
Savory, and Aldin B. Chapin, of Massachusetts ; Richard Mildtchamp, 
of England; and Charles Johnson, of Denmark. 

Of these, Nathaniel Savory is the only one at present on the island. 
Mazara is dead, and Savory has married his widow, a pretty native of 
Guam, (one of the Ladrone islands,) and still quite young, only twenty- 
five. Mildtchamp is alive, and residing at Guam. 

Having long been satisfied of the importance of these islands to 
commerce, my present visit has been induced by a desire to examine 
them myself, in view of recommending Peel's island as a stopping place 
for the line of steamers which, sooner or later, must be established 
between California and China. To this end I have caused, as before 
mentioned, the island to be explored, and a few animals to be placed 
upon two of the group, as a commencement of a provision for future 
wants. I have also distributed garden seeds, of every description, to 
the present settlers, and have held out hopes to them that I may furnish 
them with implements of husbandry, and a greater number of animals. 
Indeed, I have gone so far as to secure a suitable spot for the erection 
of offices, wharves, coal-sheds, &c. 

M. C» PERRY. 

Napa, Great Lew-Chew, June 24, 1853. 



Commodore Perry to the Secretary of the Navy. 

[No. 16.] U. S. Steam Frigate Susquehanna, 

Napa, Island of Lew- Chew, June 28, 1853. 

Sir : As I am led to believe that the exercise of the discretion by 
Commander Kelly, of the Plymouth, with which he was empowered, 



40 CORRESPONDENCE RELATIVE TO THE 

may have given some dissatisfaction to the American merchants at 
Shanghai, and as it is not improbable that some representations may 
be made to the department, calling in question the propriety of such 
measure, I have thought it better, in justice to Commander Kelly, to 
transmit herewith a copy of the correspondence on the subject. 

The files of the department will, I presume, furnish abundant evi- 
dence to show that however the commanders of our ships-of-war, on 
foreign stations, may be desirous of extending as much protection as 
they can to the interests of our merchants, it is impossible to please all ; 
but not so to give unmtentional offence, as each party conceives that 
their particular interests should be cared for, irrespective of the claims 
of others. 

It is true, that the present political disturbance, in many parts of 
China, makes it desirable that we should have vessels occasionally 
touching at Canton and Shanghai, and one or two other ports where 
missionaries are established ; but, if the demands of all are complied 
Vvdth, we should have none for carrying out the instructions with respect 
to Japan. 

But, immediately after my visit to Jedo, I will send a ship to 
Shanghai, and another to the other ports ; leaving one here and return- 
ing myself to the coast of China. 

It may be well to remark here, that before I left Shanghai, both Mr. 
Marshall and Mr. Forbes — the latter at the head of the house of Rus- " 
sell & Co. — expressed the opinion, both to Commander Kelly and 
myself, that there was no immediate necessity for the detention of the 
Plymouth at that port. 

With great respect, I am, sir, your most obedient servant, 

M. C. PERRY, 
Commanding East India Squadron. 

Hon. Secretary of the Navy, 

Washington^ D. C. 



Uncted States ship Plymouth, 

JSIaya Keajig Roads, June 26, 1853. 

Sir : I have the honor to report that, in compliance with your instruc- 
tions of the 16th of May last, I remained at Shanghai until June 2, at 
Vv^hich time the aspect of affairs having much improved, from the fact 
that most of the stores that had been closed at the first approach of the 
insurgents were opened and filled with goods ; and, also, from the re- 
port of Sir George Bonham, Governor of Hong Kong, who had visited 
the insurgent chief at Nankin, I deemed it proper to carry out the latter 
part of your orders to repair to Lew-Chew. 

The American merchants resident at Shanghai, and the Hon. Hum- 
phrey Marshall, United States commissioner to China, addressed me on 
the subject of my leaving. 

Their communications, with my replies, are herewith enclosed, I 
have also to remark, that the Hon. Humphrey Marshall, a short time 
previous to my departure, had distinctly told me that he did not then 
apprehend any danger from the insurgents, but that he was extremely 



NAVAL EXPEDITION TO JAPAN. 41 

anxious that a vessel should be left at his disposal to convey him to any 
place the emperor might designate, to present his credentials. I an- 
chored at this place on the 13th instant. 

I have the honor to be, sir, very respectfully, your obedient servant, 

JOHN KELLY, 

Commander* 

Commodore M. C. Perry, 

**< 

Commander-in-chief U. S, Tiaval forces, East India and China seas. 



Shanghai, May 18, 1853, 11 d'cloc'k^ a. m. 

Sir : I desire to know whether your orders from Commodore Perry, 
to remain here for the present, have imposed any limitation upon the 
period of your stay by fixing any definite time for your departure 
hence, or by making it referable to any event now foreseen. 

The commodore did not communicate to me a copy of your orders, 
and of course my present inquiry is based upon no wish to extract them 
from you, but to regulate my own action by such knowledge of 3'Our 
purposes as it may be proper for you to communicate. I desire to write 
home by the " Hermes," which sails to night for Hong Kong, and your 
immediate reply will obhge me. 

I am, sir, very respectfully, your obedient servant, 

H. MARSHALL. 

Commander J. Kelly, 

United States Ship Plymouth, 



United States Ship Plymouth, 

Shanghai, May 18, 1853. 

Sir : Your communication of this date has been received. In reply 
to which I have to state that the following is an abstract of my orders : 

[Abstract.] 

"According to the present aspect of affairs, I cannot anticipate any 
probable move of the insurgents towards this cit}", and the lapse of a 
few days ma}^ enable you to decide advisedly as to the propriety of 
your remaining beyond a certain time. 

"The discretion will be left with 3^ou to remain or to proceed, in ac- 
cordance with the enclosed orders, whenever you may consider that 
you can do so consistently with the respective claims upon tne services 
of your vessel, in the general protection of the interests of the United 
States in these seas." 

I am then directed that, after leaving this, to proceed directly to 
rejoin the commodore at a certain point. 

I have the honor to be your obedient servant, 

JOHiN KELLY, 

Commander, 
Hon. Humphrey Marshall, 

United States Commissioner to China, 



42 CORRESPONDENCE RELATIVE TO THE 

Shanghai, May 23, 1853. 

Sir : We are induced to address 3^ou upon the subject of the Ply- 
mouth's departure from this port, under the knowledge that it is your 
present intention shortly to withdraw her, by the advice of the honor- 
able Mr. Marshall, United States commissioner, who informs us that 
he cannot control j^our movements, and that her disposition has been 
left to your discretion by the commander of the American East India 
and China squadron. 

We beg to express the opinion, founded upon the best information 
that has been or that it is possible to obtain of the present condition of 
this country, that at no time since the establishment of the treaty has 
the presence of men-of-war at the different ports been so necessar}^ as 
now. The United States government has thought itself bound by its 
treaty obligations, and by an interest of an important trade, to keep 
constantly in the Chinese waters a squadron of two or more vessels in 
times of peace and tranquillity, and now, at a season of convulsion 
and change so violent as to threaten the existence of the very cities 
which our government has induced us to select as places of residence, 
with every promise of protection, we suddenly find ourselves about to 
be left without a gun to defend us. 

If our property should be lost in consequence of the want of protec- 
tion which would be afforded by the presence of a man-of-war, we 
should confidently look to our government for full remuneration, as by 
your withdrawal you \Yould cause it to be responsible for the effects of 
an abandonment made in the face of its obligations under the treaty, 
and of our protest against such a disregard of our right of protection. 

We sincerely trust that full and mature consideration of the circum- 
stances will yet induce 3"ou to delay your departure until the state of 
affairs w^arrants us in feeling secure in persons and property. 

We remain, sir, respectfully, your obedient servants, 

RUSSELL & CO. 
BULL, NYE & CO. 
AUGUSTINE HEARD & CO. 
SMITH, KING & CO. 
WETMORE & CO. 

To Commander John Kelly, 

United States Shij^ Plymouth. 



United States Ship Plymouth, 

Shanghai, May 28, 1853. 

Gentlemen: Your communication of the 28th instant has been re- 
ceived, in reply to which 1 have to state, that my instructions from 
Commodore M. C. Perry, commander-in-chief of the United States 
squadron in the East India and China seas, directs me to remain at my 
present ancliorage up to a certain time. 

The discretion is then left with me to remain or proceed in obedience 
with my orders, whenever I may consider that I can do so consistently 



NAVAL EXPEDITION TO JAPAN. 43 

with the respective claims of the services of this 'ship in the general 
protection of the interests of the United States in these seas. 

It does not appear to me at present that the insurgents anticipate 
any move on the city. Should, however, any move be made by them 
indicating an attack on Shanghai, I assure you I would remain and 
render all the assistance and protection in my power. 

I remain, gentlemen, very respectfully, your obedient servant, 

JOHN KELLY, 

Commander.. 
Messrs. Russell & Co. 
" Bull, Nye & Co. 
" Augustine Heard & Co. 
" Smith, King & Co. 
" Wetmore & Co. 



Secretary oj the Navy to Commodore Ferry. 

Navy Department, 

October 18, 1853. 

Sir: Your dispatch, No. 15, dated at Napa, island of Lew-Chew, 
June 25, 1853, has been received and perused with much interest. Be 
pleased to accept the thanks of the department for the valuable extracts 
from your rough journal touching the "Benin islands." 

Your No. 16, of the 28th of June, has also received consideration. 
The department discovers nothing to disapprove in the course pursued 
by Commiander Kelly of the Plymouth, and relies, with great confi- 
dence, upon the good disposition of the commanding officers under 3'Oa 
to extend watchfulness and protection to our citizens residing in China. 
Very respectfully, your obedient servant, 

J. C. DOBBIN. 
Commodore M. C. Perry, 

Commanding United States squadron 

East India and China seas, Macao, China. 



Commodore Perry to the Secretary of the Navy. 

[No. 17.J United States Steaai Frigate Susquehanna, 

At sea, Angust 3, 1853. 

Sir : My dispatch, No. 16, dated at Lew-Chew, the 28th of June 
last, will have informed the department of the transactions of the 
squadron up to that time. Since then I have visited the bay of Yedo, 
in Japan ; have had an interview with a first counsellor of the empire, 
under circumstances highly satisfactory ; have dehvered, with all due 
ceremony, to that personage the letter addressed by the President to 
the Emperor, as also my letter of credence; have approached, in the 
"Mississippi," within seven miles of the city of Yedo, and surveyed, 



44 CORRESPONDENCE RELATIVE TO THE 

with the ships and boats of the squadron, the bay twenty miles higher 
than any foreign vessel had ever before reached. 

As an account of all the interesting events which transpired during 
the short stay of the squadron upon the coast could not well be narra- 
ted in a formal letter, I have prepared a series of notes, herewith en- 
closed, which will fully explain to the department the course and policy 
of my proceedings. 

When the additional force which I have been daily expecting shall 
join me, I may hope, at the proper season, to make still further pro- 
gress in the difficult task of bringing this impracticable government to 
a rational understanding of its obligations to other nations, and es- 
pecially towards the United States. 

Every day of observation strengthens the opinion, so often expressed 
in my communications to the department, that the large and increasing 
commerce of the United States with this part of the world makes it 
not only desirable, but indispensable, that ports of refuge should be 
established at which vessels in distress may find shelter. 

To this end I have adopted every possible means of conciliating and 
bringing into some degree of social intercourse the authorities and peo- 
ple of Lew-Chew, and have made considerable progress, though they 
are almost identical in appearance, language, rehgion, customs, and, 
last of all, in consummate deceit with the Japanese. 

A former communication (No. 15) will have informed the department 
of my transactions at the Benin islands, and it is my intention to cause 
the southern cluster, called Coffin's Group, to be surveyed; charts 
having already been made of Port Lloyd, Peel Island, and of the ports 
of Napaj and Melville, in Lew-Chew, and materials collected for tlie 
construction of a chart of the bay of Yedo as far as the squadron 
penetrated. 

I have experienced most seriously the want of a small steamer, not 
only in surveying service, but in the operations of the squadron upon 
the coast of China and Japan. 

On my next visit to the bay of Yedo, one will be absolutely neces- 
sary to enable me to complete the survey of the head of the bay, and 
to penetrate as near to the city as the depth of the water will allow. 

Under these circumstances I shall avail myself of the authority 
granted in my instructions "to employ dispatch vessels," &c., &c., Emd 
endeavor to hire for a short time a steamer of very light draft, the em- 
ployment of which will save the necessity of keeping the large steam- 
ers so much under steam to cover the surveying boats, and thereby 
save, in the greatly reduced consumption of coal, more than the actual 
cost of the hire of the extra steamer. 

Should the department, however, not approve the temporary em- 
ployment of such a vessel, there will be time to inform me by the over- 
land mail before it will be necessary to enter into any engagement for 
the charter, though I trust that the necessities of the pecuhar service 
in which I am engaged will induce a full authority for me. to act ac- 
cording to my best judgment in the matter. 

Indeed it would be a measure of economy to purchase or perma- 
nently hire a small steamer for this station, as she could perform much 
of the service now necessarily required of the larger vessels, thus largely 



NAVAL EXPEDITION TO JAPAN. 45 

saving in the consumption of fuel, a very important consideration when 
we take into view the difficulty and cost of transporting coals so far. 
With great respect, I am, sir, your most obedient servant, 

M. C. PERRY, 
Commanding East India Squadron. 
Hon. James C. Dobbin, 

Secretary of lite Navy^ Washington, D. C. 



JNotes referring to events which transpired pending the prelimi^iary negotia- 
tions of Commodore M. C Ferry with the authorities of Japan, in July, 
1853. 

The squadron, consisting of the steamers Susquehanna and Missis- 
sippi, and the sloops of war Plymouth and Saratoga, commanded re- 
spectively by Commanders Buchanan, Lee, Kelly, and Walker, left 
Napa Keang, island of Lew-Chew, on Saturday the 2d, and anchored 
off the city of Uraga, bay of Yedo, Japan, on the afternoon of Friday 
the 8th of July. 

I had, before reaching the coast, fully considered and determined 
upon the course 1 should pertinaciously pursue in conducting the deli- 
cate and responsible duties which had been entrusted to my charge. 

It was to adopt an entirely contrary plan of proceedings from that of 
all others who had hitherto visited Japan on the same errand — to de- 
mand as a right, and not to solicit as a favor, those acts of courtesy 
which are due from one civihzed nation to another ; to allow of none of 
those petty annoyances which have been unsparingly visited upon those 
who had preceded me, and to disregard the acts as well as the threats 
of the authorities, if they in the least conflicted with my own sense of 
what was due to the dignity of the American flag. 

The question of landing by force was left to be decided by the de- 
velopment of succeeding events. 

Li pursuance of these intentions I caused the crews to be thoroughly 
drilled, and the ships kept in perfect readiness as in time of active war, 
and beiiig thus prepared for any contingency, I determined to practice 
upon them a little of their own diplomacy, by forbidding the admission 
of a single individual on board any of the ships, excepting those offi- 
cers who might have business with me, and the visits of these were to 
be confined to the flag ship, on board of which they were not allowed 
to enter until they had declared their rank and the business upon which 
they came. 

I had also made up my mind to confer personally with no one but a 
functionary of the highest rank in the empire, and consequently refused 
to see the lieutenant governor and governor of Uraga, referring them Xo 
Commanders Buchanan and Adams, and Lieutenant ^Contec, who had 
orders from me to receive them, and to reply under my instructions to 
their inquiries and verbal communications. 

I was well aware that the more exclusive I should make myself, and 
the more exacting I might be, the more respect these people of forms 
unci ceremonies would be disposed to awjird me; hence my object, and 
the sequel will show the correctness of these conclusions. 



46 CORRESPONDENCE RELATIVE TO THE 

On anchoring off the cit}?- of Uraga, a commercial place distant 
twenty-seven miles from Yedo, and the place of anchorage of the "Co- 
lumbus" and "Vincennes," and the British sloop of war "Mariner," 
the ships were immediately surrounded by numerous boats filled with 
men, many of whom attempted to get on board, but were, in obedience 
to my previous instructions, repulsed. One of the most conspicuous of 
these boats, having on board a person of distinction, was permitted 
alongside the flag ship, and the officer being asked his rank and busi- 
ness, answered that he was vice governor of Uraga,* and wished to, see 
the officer commanding the squadron, in view ot" learning his object in 
coming to Japan ; he was told that T would confer with no one but a 
functionary of the highest rank. 

He still urged the necessity of his coming on board to make some \ 
inquiries, stating that he held the highest rank in the city, and was the 
proper person to visit the ship ; but, on being peremptorily refused 
admission, he suggested, as an alternative, that he might be allowed 
to confer with an officer of rank corresponding with his own. To this 
proposition I consented, after some intentional delay, and my aid, 
Lieutenant Contee, was appointed to receive him, assisted by the in- 
terpreters, Messrs. Williams and Portman, one speaking Chinese and 
the other Dutch — the vice governor having an interpreter with him 
who conversed fluently in the Dutch language. 

A conference followed, in which the vice governor propounded nu- 
merous questions, very few of which were answered. He was merely 
told, under instructions from me, that I had been sent on a friendly 
mission to Japan, with a letter from the President of the United States 
for the emperor, and it was m}^ desire to have a personal interview | 
with a dignitary of the highest ranlv, in order to make arrangements 
ior the delivery of copies and translations of the documents with which 
I had been charged, preparator}^ to the formal presentation of the 
originals. 

He replied, that Nagasaki was the only place, according to the 
laws of Japan, for negotiating foreign business, and it would be neces- I 
sary for the squadron to go there ; to which he was told that I had \ 
come purposely to Uraga, it being near to Yedo, and should not go to 
Nagasaki ; that I expected the letter to be duly and properly received 
where I then was ; that my intentions were perfectly friendly, but I I 
would allow of no indignity, nor would I permit the guard-boats, which |i 
were collecting about the ships, to remain where the}^ were, and if J 
they were not immediately removed, I would disperse them by force, jl 
On having this interpreted to him, he suddenly left his seat, went to ! 
the gangway, and gave an order which caused most of the boats to f 
return to the shore ; but a few of them remaining in clusters, an armed \ 
boat from the ship Avas sent to motion them away, at the same time 
showing their arips, which had the desired effect, all of them disap- l 
pearing; and we saw nothing more of them near the ships during the \ 
remainder of our stay. Here was the first important point gained. J 

The vice governor shortly after took his leave, saying that he had no f 
authority to promise anything respecting the reception of the Presi- ) 

* His namo was suhsequently ascertained to be Tabro^e. 



NAVAL EXPEDITION TO JAPAN. 47 

dent's letter, but in the morning an officer of higher rank would come 
from the city, who might probably furnish some further information. 

On the following morning, the 9th, the governor of Uraga, " Kayama 
Yezaimon," came on board, thus giving the lie to the vice governor, 
_ who declared himself of the highest authority in the city ; and as this 
j officer was of superior rank to the visitor of the day before, I directed 
j that he should be received by Commanders Buchanan and Adams and 
j Lieutenant Contee, still refiising to receive myself any one but a coun- 
sellor of the empire, (cabinet minister.) 
I The governor, after a long discussion, in which he more than once 
j declared that the Japanese laws made it impossible that the letter 
j should be received at Uraga, that the squadron must go to Nagasaki, 
I and even if ihe letter of the President were to be received at this place, 
i a reply would be sent to Nagasaki. In answer to this he was told that 
j I would never consent to such arrangement, and would persist in de- 
i livering it where I then was ; that if the Japanese government did not 
I appoint a suitable person to receive the documents addressed to the 
emperor, I would go on shore with a sufficient force and deliver them, 
I whatever the consequences might be. 

On this being communicated to him, he said he would return to the 
city and send a communication to Yedo asking for further instructions ; 
that it would require four days to obtain a reply ; upon which he was 
told that I would wait until Tuesday, the 12th, three days, when I 
should certainly expect a definite answer. Accordingly he left the 
ship with the understanding that there would be no necessity for any 
further discussion until the time appointed for the delivery of the 
answer from court should arrive. 

At this interview the original letter of the President, together with 
my letter of credence, were shown to the governor, encased as they 
were in the magnificent boxes which had been prepared at Washing- 
ton, the exquisite workmanship and costliness of which evidently sur- 
prised his' excellency, and, on leaving the ship, he made an offer for 
the first time of suppHes of water and refreshments, but was told that 
we did not stand in need of anything. 

I had directed that a surveying boat, well manned and armed, from 
each ship of the squadron, should commence at dayhght this morning, 
the 9th, the survey of the harbor and bay of Uraga, and thinking it 
quite possible they might meet with some resistance, I instructed Lieu- 
tenant Silas Bent, in command of the surveying party, not to go beyond 
the range of our guns, and caused a look-out to be kept upon them, 
that assistance might be sent should they be attacked ; but though they 
were followed by numbers of Japanese boats, they did not, on seeing 
our men well armed, venture to molest them. 

The governor inquired what these boats were doing, and, on being 
told they were surveying the harbor, he said it was against the Japan- 
ese laws to allow of such examinations, and he was replied to, that, 
though the Japanese laws forbade such surveys, the American laws 
command them, and that we were as much bound to obey the Ameri- 
can as he was the Japanese laws. Here was a second and a most 
important point gained. 

The following day, the 10th, was Sunday, and no communication 



4§ , CORRESPONDENCE RELATIVE TO THE 

was had with the Japanese authorities. A boat with some mandarins, 
accompanied by an interpreter, came alongside and requested to be ad- 
mitted on board, but, on being asked if they had any business with 
the commodore, and they replying that they had no special business, 
but merely wished to have a talk, they were told by my order that 
thev could not be received. 

Mojiday, the llih. The surveying boats were dispatched earty this 
morning higher up the bay, and Commander Lee, in the Mississippi 
was directed to get his ship under way to protect them. 

The governor, on seeing the Misssissippi going higher up than any 
foreign vessel had ever before ventured, came on board as I expected 
he would, though he was told on Saturday that there would be no 
necessity for further discussion until the reply from Yedo was received. 

I had purposely sent the Mississippi and the boats on this service, 
being satisfied that the very circumstance of approaching nearer to 
Yedo with a powerful ship would alarm the authorities and induce 
them to give a more favorable answer to my demands, and so it hap- 
pened — the governor pretending that his visit to the ship was to bring 
information that it was very probable the letters (meaning, as I then 
supposed, the translations of the originals) would be received on the 
following day and forwarded to Yedo ; but he evidently came to ascer- 
tain for what purpose the Mississippi and the surveying boats had 
ascended the bay, and soon put the question. 

Anticipating such an inquiry, I directed that he should be informed 
that unless the business which brought the squadron to these waters 
was arranged at this time, I should return in the ensuing spring with a 
larger force, and, as the anchorage in front of Uraga w^as not con- 
venient or safe, I was desirous of seeking a more favorable situation 
nearer to Yedo, which would make our communications with that city 
more convenient. 

Tuesday^ July 12tJi. This being the day on which a reply was to be 
received from Yedo, the governor was on board by 10, a. m., accom- 
panied by two interpreters. 

But previously to his arrival I had written the following letter to the 
emperor, not supposing that he would so readity accede to my demands, 
and appoint a cabinet minister to meet me, as will be seen by the events 
of the day that he had already done : 

"United States Steam Frigate Susquehanna, 

" Uraga, July 12, 1853. 

" The commander-in-chief of the United States naval forces in these 
seas, being invested with full powers to negotiate treaties, is desirous 
of conferring with one of the highest officers of the empire of Japan, in 
view of making arrangements for the presentation of the original of his 
letter of credence, as also the original of a letter with which he is 
charged, addressed to his imperial majesty by the President of the 
United States. 

"It is hoped that an early day will be appointed for the proposed 
interview. 

" To his Imperial Majesty the Emperor of Japan." 



NAVAL EXPEDITION TO JAPAN. 49 

The governor then went on to say that there had been a misappre- 
hension as to the delivery of the translations of the papers before the 
originals had been received. Although I was certain there had been 
no such misunderstanding, nevertheless, I consented, after there had 
been much discussion, to deliver the translations and originals, as also 
a letter from me to the emperor at the same time, provided the em- 
peror should appoint a suitable officer to receive them at my hands, 
and I repeated that I would consent to deliver them to no other than 
a dignitary of the highest rank. The governor then said that a build- 
ing would be erected on shore for the reception of myself and suite, 
and a high official personage, especially appointed by the emperor, 
would be in attendance to receive the letters ; that no answer would be 
given here, but it would be transmitted to Nagasaki, through the 
Dutch or Chinese superintendents. This being reported to me, I wrote 
the following memorandum, and directed it to be translated into Dutch, 
and fullj^ explained to the governor : 

' The commander-in-chief will not go to Nagasaki, and will receive 
no communication through the Dutch or Chinese. 

" He has a letter from the President of the United States to deliver 
to the emperor of Japan or to his secretary of foreign affairs, and he 
will deliver the original to none other ; if this friendly letter of the 
President to the emperor is not received and duly replied to, he shall 
consider his country insulted, and will not hold himself accountable for 
the consequences. 

"He expects a reply of some sort in a few days, and he will receive 
such reply nowhere but in this neigborhood." 

Upon the receipt of this he went on shore, probably to consult some 
higher authority, as doubtless there were more than one high officer of 
the court at Uraga, secretly directing the negotiations. He returned in 
the afternoon to the ship, with the assurance that a very distinguished 
personage, properly accredited by the emperor, would be appointed to 
receive me on shore the day after to-morrow, and, being asked what 
proof I should have of his rank and the validity of his credentials, he 
said he would bring on board certified copies of the original documents, 
in order that I should be fully satisfied. 

He was then asked where the reception was to take place, to which 
he replied at a small village (Gore-hama) situated at the head of the 
bay, since named Reception bay on our chart, about a Japanese mile 
from Uraga. The inquiry was then made why the meeting could not 
take place in one of the houses or forts opposite the ships, to which he 
replied that he would ascertain if such arrangement could be made, 
and would give an answer in the morning, saying he should be on board 
early to bring the promised papers and to announce the arrival of the 
dignitary who had been appointed to receive me. The surveying boats 
were actively engaged all this day. 

Wednesday, July 13. — The governor came on board in the afternoon 
of this day, apologizing for not being earlier, by saying that the high 
officer from Yedo had only just arrived ; he brought with him the 
original order of the emperor addressed to the funciionary who had to 
receive me, as also a copy and translation of the same in Dutch, and a 
certificate of his own verifying the authenticity of the appointment ; he 
Ex. Doc. 34 4 



m CORRESPONDENCE RELATIVE TO THE 

also said that the person appointed by the emperor had no power to 
enter into discussion with me, but was empowered merely to receive 
■the papers and carry them to his sovereign. 

Here follow translations of the papers referred to : 

Translation of letter of credence given by the Emperor of Japan to his 

highness, Toda, Prince of Idzn, 

"I send you to Uraga to receive the letter of the President of the 
United States to me, which letter has recently been brought to Uraga 
by the admiral, upon receiving which you will proceed to Yedo, and 
take the same to me." 

[Here is the emperor's seal.] 

*' Sixth month in 1853." 

Translation of certificate of Kayania Yezaiman-, Governor of Uraga ^ veri- 
fying the authenticity of the emperor^s letter and seal. 

" You can rest assured that the high officer who has been accredited 
by the emperor of Japan himself, and who consequently comes here 
to Uraga from Yedo for the purpose of receiving the original and trans- 
lated letters, is of very high rank, equal to that of the lord admiral. I 
do assure that. 

"KAYAMA YEZAIMAN." 

The governor remarked that he had made inquir}^ as to the practi- 
bihty of changing the place of meeting, and said that a suitable build- 
ing had alread}^ been constructed, and it would be inconvenient to 
make a change. This reply I had expected and was prepared for, 
and not knowing whether any treachery was intended, had ordered the 
surveying party to examine the little bay at the head of which the 
building had been erected for my reception. They promptly performed 
the service, and reported that the ships could be brought within gun shot 
of the position where they observed great numbers of people employed 
in the completion of the building, transporting furniture, &c. Accord- 
ingly I directed the squadron to be removed in the morning to an an- 
chorage in line covering the whole bay, being determined to prepare 
against the well-known duplicity of the people with whom I had to 
deal, the object of selecting the place of meeting not being clearly ex- 
plained to my mind. 

Thursday, July 14?/i. — This being the day appointed for my recep- 
tion on shore, and ever^' preparation having been made for landing a 
formidable escort, composed of officers, seamen, and marines, from the 
respective ships, about 400 in number, all well armed and equipped, 
and being ready for disembarcation, the two steamers moved to a posi- 
tion commanding the proposed landing-place, (the s,loops-of-war not 
being able to move for want of wind,) and shortly after the detach- 
ments forming the escort were in the boats, and on their way to the shore, 
where they landed and formed, and were immediately followed b}' me. 

The whole shore of the bay, extending more than a mile, was 
crowded with Japanese troops — fi"om five to seven thousand — drawn 



NAVAL EXPEDITION TO JAPAN. 51 

up under arms. These troops were composed of cavalry, artillery, 
infantry, and archers ; some of the infantry with flint muskets, others 
with match-locks. 

On landing, I proceeded at once to the building erected for the pur- 
pose, and was there received by the prince of Idzu, first counsellor of 
the emperor, and his coadjutor, the prince of Iwami. To the former 
of these I presented the President's letter, my letter of credence, and 
three communications from myself, together with transcripts of the same 
in the English, Dutch, and Chinese languages, for which the prince o 
Idzu gave me a receipt. 

The princes were attended b}^ the governor of Uraga, the chief in- 
terpreter, and a secretary. 

As it was understood that there was to be no discussion at this meet- 
ing, I remained but a short time, taking m}^ departure and embarking 
with the same ceremony with which I had landed. 

[Translation of receipt given by the Princes of Idzu and Iwami to Commodore Perry.] 

"The letter of the President of the United States of North America, 
and copy, are hereb}^ received and delivered to the emperor. Many 
times it has been communicated that business relating to foreign coun- 
tries cannot be transacted here in Uraga, but in Nagasaki. Now^ it 
has been observed that the admiral, in his quality of ambassador of the 
President, would be insulted by it; the justice of this has been acknow- 
ledged; consequently the abovementioned letter is hereby received, in 
opposition to the Japanese law. 

"Because the place is not designed to treat of anything from foreigners, 
so neither can conference nor entertainment take place. The letter 
beino^ received vou w^ill leave here." 

[Here follow fac similes of signatures in Japanese.] 

" The ninth of the sixth month." 

The above is a literal translation from the Dutch, in which language 
the conferences were held, and into which the receipt of the chief 
counsellors, the princes of Idzu and Iwami, was, doubtless, badly 
translated from the Japanese by their interpreter. 

The following would probably be the correct translation from the 
Japanese : 

" The letter of the President of the United States of North America 
and copy are hereby received, and will be delivered to the emperor. 

" It has been many times intimated that business relating to foreign 
countries cannot be translated here in Uraga, but at Nagasaki ; never- 
theless, as it has been observed that the admiral in his quality of am- 
bassador of the President w^ould feel himself insulted by a refusal to 
receive the letter at this place, the justice of which has been acknow- 
ledged, the above mentioned letter is hereby received in opposition to 
the Japanese law. 

"As this is not a place wherein to negotiate with foreigners, so neither 
can conferences nor entertainment be held. Therefore, as the letter 
has been received you can depart." 

[Signatures as before.] 

To show these princes how little I regarded their order for me to 



52 CORRESPONDENCE RELATIVE TO THE 

depart, on getting on board, I immediately ordered the whole squadron 
underway, not to leave the bay as they doubtless expected, but to go 
higher up, having determined to examine the channel towards Yedo, 
being satisfied that the employment of so large a force in surveying 
service and so near the capital, and m waters hitherto unknown to 
foreigners, would produce a decided influence upon the pride and con- 
ceit of the government, and cause a more favorable consideration of 
the President's letter. 

The four ships stood off in a line abreast, running lines of soundings 
across the ba}^ until they passed out of sight of Uraga, and at night 
anchored at a place I have called "American anchorage," ten miles 
higher than any foreign vessel had ever ascended before. 

The following morning, the 15th, the surveying boats were earl}^ at 
work sounding still further up the bay, and in the afternoon, I ascended 
in the Mississippi ten miles higher, taking the ship within seven miles 
of Yedo, and twenty miles higher than the usual anchorage at Uraga. 
We could distinctly see the port or shipping place of Yedo filled with 
innumerable junks, but the city containing, like those of China, nothing 
but low buildings, was hidden behind a projecting point. 

I might have gone still higher, but was apprehensive of causing too 
much alarm, and thus throwing some obstacle in the way of a favorable 
reception at court of the President's letter, which I had delivered only 
the day before, and which was probably then under consideration; and, 
thinking that I had done enough to work upon the fears of the emperor, 
without going too far in my experiment, I caused the ship to rejoin the 
squadron at the "American anchorage." 

In my absence the governor of Uraga came alongside the Susque- 
hanna, apparently very much annoyed at the motions of the Mississippi, 
and said, probably as an excuse for coming so far from his cit}^, that the 
letter of the President had been received at court, and would doubtless 
have a favorable consideration, and he begged the acceptance of a few 
presents. As I had previously given orders that no one should be ad- 
mitted on board the ship without my especial permission, neither he 
nor the presents were received, and he went on shore with the expressed 
intention of returning the following morning. 

During the day all the boats that could be spared from the ships, 
twelve in number, were busil}^ engaged in surveying the western shore 
of the bay above Uraga. ' 

The next day, being Saturday, the 16th, the ships were at daylight 
moved to a bay about five miles above Uraga, which I have called | 
" Susquehanna bay," in the survey of which the boats were now em- 
ployed. The governor was alongside before we had anchored, and 
with a renewal of his prediction of the favorable reception of the Presi- 
dent's letter. Nothing was said now of sending the answer to Na- 
gasaki, and it seemed the nearer we approached the imperial city the 
more polite and friendly they became. 

He was told, by my orders, that the presents which he brought 
alongside could not be received if others firom me were not accepted | 
in return. To this he at first demurred, by interposing the invariable 
plea that the Japanese law forbade it, upon which he was answered 
ihat our laws enjoined a reciprocity of courtesy, and his presents \vould 



NAYAL EXPEDITION TO JAPAN. 53 

not be received. Finding me resolute upon this, as upon all other 
points of ceremon}^ he consented to receive in return whatever (ex- 
cepting arms) I might be disposed to present. Consequently some few 
articles of more value than those he brought were sent on deck, and 
when he saw them he declared they were of too much value, and he 
dared not take on shore anything but what his interpreter and himself 
could conceal about their persons, when he was informed that if he 
could not receive the articles openly and without concealment I would 
send those which he had brought on board back into his boat. Upon 
this he left the ship, carrying with him all my gifts, excepting three 
swords, which he was permitted to leave. 

In the afternoon he came on board with a trifling present of poultry 
and eggs, and, determining to be under no obligation to these people, 
I sent in return presents of greater value to the wives of the governor 
and his interpreters. 

Here was another point gained in the unprecedented circumstance of 
their consenting to exchange presents. 

Having completed the survey of the west side of this magnificent 
bay from Uragato a point about 14 miles below Yedo, and sounded with 
the Mississippi and boats six miles nearer to that city, and acquiring a 
sufficient knowledge of the bay to conduct the Vermont to the Ameri- 
can anchorage, and higher if necessary, I thought it advisable to return 
to Lew^-Chew, intending to dispatch the Saratoga, after we cleared the 
coast of Japan, to Shanghai, and employ the other vessels on the way 
in the further examination of the island Oho-sima, but, unfortunately, 
before reaching that island we encountered a seveie gale, which in part 
defeated the object. 

It has already been observed that, in adherence to my previous de- 
termination, I had no personal communication with the governor of 
Uraga, the officer employed by the Japanese government to visit the 
ship and conduct the preliminary arrangements for my reception ; the 
only persons with wliom I had an interview were the princes of Idzu 
and Iwami; consequently the conferences with the governor were con- 
ducted on my part by Commanders Buchanan and Adaras, and Lieu- 
tenant Contee, assisted by the Chinese interpreter, Mr. S. Wells Wil- 
liams, and by the Dutch interpreter, Mr. Portman. Although these 
officers acted under my immediate instructions and were in constant 
communication with me, much credit is due to them for managing the 
discussion with great judgment and skill. 

I take pleasure, also, in commending the coolness and industry with 
which the surveying officers under Lieutenant Silas Bent, conducted 
their laborious duties. 

It is proper that I should add, in conclusion, that the governor, in the 
several conferences on shipboard, evinced great anxiety to learn how 
long I intended to remain upon the coast, remarking repeatedly that it 
was the custom of the Japanese government to be very slow in decid- 
ing upon matters having reference tp foreign countries. Upon these re- 
presentations, and knowing that the propositions contained in the 
President's letter were of such importance as to require time for delibe- 
ration, overturning as they would, if acceded to, many of the funda- 
mental laws of the empire, I deemed it advisable not to wait for a 
reply, and for the following reasons : 



54 CORRESPONDENCE RELATIVE TO THE 

I had not provisions or water sufficient to allow of my remaining on 
the coast more than a month longer. I well knew that they could 
easily and very reasonably defer for a long time any satisfactory reply, 
for reason of the alleged necessity of calling together and consulting 
the princes of the empire, as also to consult the dairi or ecclesiastical 
emperor. Thus I should be put off from day to day, and ultimately 
be obhged to sail without any satisfaction whatever. This would be 
construed into a triumph by them and cause a serious injury to the 
success of my mission. 

Taking into view, also, the present disturbed state of China, and the 
need of one or more ships of the squadron in that quarter, and consid- 
ering that not a single vessel which had been promised by the depart- 
ment should immediately follow me had yet joined my force, and being 
without the presents sent from the United States, and those expected in 
the Vermont, I was glad to have a good excuse for consenting to wait 
until the ensuing spring for the final answer of the Japanese govern- 
ment. 

In the spring I shall have concentrated my whole force, and be pre- 
pared with store and coal vessels, and all other conveniences for re- 
maining, if it be necessary, an indefinite time, to secure such conces- 
sions as I believe they will be constrained to make. 

The exhibition of so large a force, and a continuation of the policy sO' 
far successfully pursued, and having given them full time for the con- 
sideration of the propositions of the President, I shall be prepared to 
act very decidedly, and, I trust, with continued success, provided there 
shall be no curtailment of the force promised me by the government 
before my departure from home. 

Under these considerations I determined to make a credit of neces- 
sity, and accordingly prepared a letter, to be delivered with other 
documents, on the occasion of my reception on shore; but which, of 
course, would have been withheld if an unfriendly course had been 
adopted by the Japanese government. The following is a copy of the 
letter just referred to, and which accompanied the other papers : 

Commodore Perry to the Emperor. 

" United States Steam Frigate Susquehanna, 

" Uraga, Yedo Bay, July 14, 1853. 

"It having been represented to the undersigned that the propositions 
submitted through him, to the government of Japan, are of so much im- 
portance, and involves so many momentous questions, that much time 
will be required to deliberate and decide upon their several bearings ; 

" The undersigned, in consideration thereof, declares himself willing to 
await a reply to these propositions until his return to Yedo bay in the 
ensuing spring, when he may confidently hope that all matters will be 
amicably arranged, and to the satisfaction of the two nations. 
" With profound respect, 

"M. C. PERRY, 
" Commander-in-chief of the United States naval forces 

" ill the East India, Chifia, and Japan seas. 
" To His Imperial Majesty, 

"^Ae Emperor of Jaj^an.^^ 



NAVAL EXPEDITION TO JAPAN. 55 

It will be perceived by a perusal of the foregoing notes, that in the 
eight clays the squadron remained in Yedo bay I was successful in 
gaining several important advantages, hitherto denied to all other na- 
tions, excepting in a very limited degree to the Dutch and Chinese, and 
awarded even to them at the expense, on their part, of the most de- 
s^radinsf concessions : 

First. Guard-boats, which have, up to this time, surrounded foreign 
ships by hundreds, were immediately dispersed by my orders. 

Second. Extensive surveys were made of waters hitherto unknown 
to foreigners, within a few miles of Yedo, and under the guns of nu- 
merous batteries. 

Third. The accomplishment of my predetermined intention to con- 
fer with no one but a dignitary of the highest rank in the empire, and 
of being received in a manner honorable to my government and myself, 
and without the slightest deviation on my part from those simple rules 
of diplomatic courtesy recognized by our institutions. Whilst the 
governor of Uraga prostrated himself on every occasion of addressing 
the prince of Idzu, myself and staff were quietly seated opposite the 
princes Idzu and Iwami and their secretary, with no more ceremony 
than was due to a similar conference with any other commissioner 
duly accredited. 

Fourth. I required in the receipt and delivery of presents, conform- 
ably to invariable eastern custom, that the United States should be on a 
footing of equality, thus destroying the presumed claim hitherto held 
forth by China and Japan, that all presents to the respective emperors 
have been tendered as tributes to superior powers. 

And lastly. I have endeavored to inculcate the idea, that as the 
government of the United States is superior in power and influence to 
Japan, so its overtures have been dictated alone by a desire to be on 
terms of amity with all nations, to give protection to our seamen and 
other citizens, and especially to cultivate a friendly intercourse with an 
empire whose geogi-aphical position has been brought by the power of 
steam commercially near to our Pacific ports. 
Respectfully submitted, 

M C. PERRY, 
Commander-in-Chief United Stales Naval Forces, 

East India, China, and Jayan Seas. 

United States Steam Frigate Susquehanna, 

Napa Keang, Lew- Chew, July 30, 1853. 



Commodore Ferry to the Emperor. 

U. S. Steam Frigate Susquehanna, 

Off the coast of Japan, July 7, 1853. 

The undersigned, commander-in-chief of all the naval forces of the 
United States of America stationed in the East India, China and Japan 
seas, has been sent by his government to this country, on a friendly 
mission, with ample powers to negotiate with the government of Japan, 
touching certain matters which have been fully set forth in the letter of 
the President of the United States, copies of which, together with copies 



56 CORRESPONDENCE RELATIVE TO THE 

of the letter of credence of the undersigned, in the English, Dutch, and 
Chinese languages, are herewith transmitted. 

The original of the President's letter, and of the letter of credence, 
prepared, in a manner suited to the exalted station of your imperial 
majesty, will be presented by the undersigned in person, w^hen it may 
please your majesty to appoint a day for his reception. 

The undersigned has been commanded to state that the President 
entertains the most friendly feelings towards Japan, but has been sur- 
prised and grieved to learn that when any of the people of the United 
States go, of their own accord, or are thrown by the perils of the sea, 
within the dominions of your imperial majesty, they are treated as if 
they were your worst enemies. 

The undersigned refers to the cases of the American ships Morrison, 
Lagoda, and Lawrence, 

With the Americans, as indeed with all Christian people, it is con- 
sidered a sacred dut}^ to receive with kindness, and to succor and pro- 
tect all, of whatever nation, who may be cast upon their shores, and 
such has been the course of the Americans with respect to all Japanese 
subjects who have fallen under their protection. 

The government of the United States desires to obtain from that of 
Japan some positive assurance that persons who may hereafter be 
shipwrecked on the coast of Japan, or driven by stress of weather into 
her ports, shall be treated with humanity. 

The undersigned is commanded to explain to the Japanese that the 
United States are connected with no government in Europe, and that 
their laws do not interfere with the religion of their own citizens, much 
less with that of other nations. 

That they inhabit a great country, vvdiich lies directl}^ between Japan 
and Europe, and which was discovered by the nations of Europe about 
the same time that Japan herself was first visited b}" Europeans; that 
the portion of the American continent Ijdng nearest to Europe was 
first settled by^ emigrants from that part of the world; that its popula- 
tion has rapidly spread through the country, until it has reached the 
shores of the Pacific ocean; that we have now large cities, from which, 
with the aid of steam-vessels, we can reach Japan in eighteen or 
twenty days; that our commerce with all this region of the globe is 
rapidly increasing, and the Japan seas will soon be covered with our 
vessels. 

Therefore, as the United States and Japan are becoming every day 
nearer and nearer to each other, the President desires to live in peace 
and friendship with your imperial majesty, but no friendship can long 
exist, unless Japan ceases to act towards Americans as if the}' were 
her enemies. 

However wise this policy may originally have been, it is unwise and 
impracticable now that the intercourse between the two countries is so 
much the more easy and rapid than it formerly was. 

The undersigned holds out all these arguments in the hope that the 
Japanese government will see the necessity of averting unfriendly col- 
lision between the two nations, by responding favorably to the proposi- 
tions of amity, which are now made in all sincerity. 

Many of the large ships-of-war destined to visit Japan have not 



NAVAL EXPEDITION TO JAPAN. 57 

yet arrived in these seas, though they are hourly expected ; and the 
undersigned, as an evidence of his friendly intentions, has brought but 
four of the smaller ones, designing, should it become necessary, to 
return to Yedo in the ensuing spring with a much larger forcei 

But it is expected that the government of your imperial majesty will 
render such return unnecessary, by acceding at once to the very reason- 
able and pacific overtures contained in the President's letter, and which 
will be further explained by the undersigned on the first fitting occasion. 
With the most profound respect for your imperial majesty, and 
entertaining a sincere hope that you may long live to enjoy health and 
happiness, the undersigned subscribes himself, 

M. C. PERRY, 
Commande7^-in-chitf of the United States naval forces 

in the East Indies, China, and Japan seas. 
To His Impejiial Majesty, 

- the Emperor of Japan, 

Note. — The foregoing embraces the substance of the language used 
in my instructions from the Nav}^ Department. 

M. C. P. . 



The Secretary of the Navy to Commodore Ferry. 

United States Navy Department, 

Washington, November 14, 1853. 

Sir : Your sev^eral dispatches, bearing date August 3, 1853, have 
been received. I have perused them with much interest and avail my- 
self of this occasion to assure you of my gratification that your long 
and perilous voyage to Japan and return to China have been accom- 
plished successfully, and that, in the experiment of attempting to secure 
intercourse with that singular people, you were so well sustained by 
the prompt and efficient co-operation of the officers and men under 
your command. 

These communications have all been submitted to the President, 
who, while he would be happy to see your interesting mission crowned 
with success, and would aid you as far as he can legitimately, desires 
to impress you with his conviction that the great end should be attained, 
not only with credit to the United States, but without wrong to Japan. 
I need not remind }ou that your mission is one of peaceful negotiation, 
and that, although in consideration of the peculiar character of the 
Japanese much importance may well be attached to the exhibition of 
impressive evidences of the greatness and power of our country, no 
violence should be resorted to except for defence. 

It is very desirable to make our navy an efficient branch of the gov- 
ernment, both in extending and protecting commerce and trade ; but 
as Congress alone has power to declare war, too much prudence can- 
not be exercised, even in the great work in which 3^ou are engaged. 

These suggestions are not made to discourage your laudable zeal, 
nor to detract from the magnitude of your mission. Every confidence 
is reposed in your judgment and patriotism. They have, however 
been called forth by a portion of your interesting notes, in which you 



58 CORRESPONDENCE RELATIVE TO THE 

express some hope of success in the sprmg by operating on the fears 
of the Japanese, but speak, at the same lime, of the number of the bat- 
teries already erected on the shore to "expel the Americans," and of 
the probabihty of more being constructed before spring, thereby in- 
timating the opinion that they are preparing to give you a warhke recep- 
tion. The following are the portions of your dispatches to which I refer : 

" The land is highly cultivated and the shores are lined with flour- 
ishing towns and villages, intermingled with batteries ; and the waters 
are everyw^here covered with laige and commodious boats. 

"Many of the batteries are new and seem to have been planned with 
some regard to the rules of engineering ; others are in progress of con- 
struction, designed probably to expel the Americans from their coasts. 
Doubtless many others will be erected before the ensuing spring for 
the same object ; but with the force I shall have, and especially with 
the aid of the Vermont, I shall not be deterred from penetrating to the 
very head of navigation in the bay, and within three or four miles of 
Yedo, perhaps within gun-shot. 

"It is very certain that the Japanese can be brought to reason only 
through the influence of their fears, and when they find that their sea- 
coast is entirely at the mercy of a strong naval force they will be 
induced, I confidently hope, to concede all that will be asked of them ; 
and I feel assured that, even if they cannot be brought to any treaty 
arrangement, strangers who may hereafter be thrown upon their shores 
Avill be treated with kindness."* 

If the department desired to add the Vermont to youY force, as was 
contemplated by my predecessor, it cannot be done, on account of the 
impossibihty of procuring seamen. Vessels already manned cannot be 
spared, as their services are otherwise more urgently needed. 

When the Saratoga leaves you, and after supplying the Hon. Mr. 
McLane, commissioner to China, with the steamer directed by this de- 
partment on the 28th ultimo, you will have still two steamers, and, on 
the arrival of the Macedonian, three sloops-of-war, besides the store- 
ships. The President entertains the opinion that this force will be 
amply sufficient for all purposes of defence, and will be an exhibition 
of power calculated to impress the Japanese favorably, and effect the 
object of your mission, so far as naval force can effect it, unless land- 
ing large bodies of men and invasion be contemplated, which Congress, 
in its wisdom, I presume, will not be disposed to sanction in a country 
so remote without great provocation. Mr. McLane goes to China with 
every disposition to co-operate with you, and will, no doubt, aid you 
as far as possible. 

Your presence and personal observation of the state of affairs of 
course enabled you to judge more correctly of what was expedient 
than those who are remote trom the scene ; but in consideration of the 
vast expense, and the great need of some of your squadron for other 
important purposes, it is much to be regretted that final action should 
have been postponed to so late a period as next spring. 

The President desires that as you have advanced thus far, and have 

* These extracts have been copied from a confidential communication not sent to Con- 
gress. — P. 



NAVAL EXPEDITION TO JAPAN. 59 

given notice of your intention to return in the ensuing spring, you will 
accordingly proceed to Japan and resort to every honorable and rea- 
sonable effort to persuade the Japanese to abandon their inhospitable 
and unsocial S3^stem and to effect a treaty of amity and commerce. 

You will, on your return to China, give our commissioner, as well as 
this department, information of the results of your efforts, and co- 
operate with him in the execution of his mission to China. 

You think that in the saving of coal it will be economy to hire a 
small steamer on your next visit to the bay of Yedo. If this is your 
judgment, the department approves of such a course, and takes this 
occasion to suggest that, in consideration of the great expense attend- 
ing the delivery of coal in the East Indies, it is very important that 
steam should only be used when in your judgment it is indispensably 
necessary. 

A copy of the instructions from the State Department to Mr. McLane 
is herewith enclosed. Mr. McLane has been furnished with a copy of 
this dispatch to yourself. 

Wishing you every success in your enterprise, I am, respectfully, 
your obedient servant, 

J. C. DOBBIN, 

Secretary of the Navy, 

Commodore M. C. Perry, 

Commanding United States Squadron^ East India and China seas. 



Commodo7'e Perry to the Secretary of the Navy. 

[No. 18.] Macao, China, August 31, 1853. 

Sir : I have the honor to transmit herewith copies of certain commu- 
nications which have passed between the American merchants at 
Canton and myself. 

It is evident, as well from the representations of these gentlemen as 
from common observation, that elements are at work in China which, at 
no distant period, will bring about a change of dynasty, and a state of 
things more consonant with the enhghtenment of the present age. 

The prospective chances of success of the opposing parties are much 
in favor of the insurgents, or, as they may now be more correctly 
styled, revolutionists. 

Up to this time, the latter have exercised great discretion with 
respect to resident foreigners, seeming rather disposed to conciliate 
than to oppress, the missionaries, who alone have come in immedi- 
ate contact with them ; indeed, they pretend to a profession of faith 
somewhat analagous to the Christian religion, and have kindly received 
the visits of a Mr. Taylor, American missionary, and invited amongst 
them a Mr. Roberts, also an American, who, it appears, is a personal 
friend of one of the chiefs of the revolutionary party. 

It is difficult to obtain accurate information as to the movements of 
the contending armies. The general opinion, however, is that the 
fortunes of the revolutionists are in the ascendant, and that Pekin ha 
already, or must soon, fall into their hands. 



60 CORRESPONDENCE RELATIVE TO THE 

The occcupation of the seat of government will probably decide the 
question of Chinese ascendancy and the overthrow of the Tartar 
dynasty. But years will elapse before any solid government can be 
permanently established. At present there is little organization in the 
revolutionary camp. 

It is most certainly the true policy of the United States and England 
(the only two powers having extensive commercial relations with 
China) to remain quiet, and to w^ait the proper time for action, and 
when that time does arrive, to push with energy the doctrine of inter- 
national rights and privileges, stopping nothing short of an open recog- 
nition on the part of the dominant power of a more liberal commercial 
and social intercourse, and of our right to establish a resident minister 
at Pekin. 

The Americans are looked upon wdth more favor than the English, 
as the incidents of the opium war are still indignantly remembered by 
the Chinese; and I feel assured that we should have the advantage in 
negotiation, provided no false step is made before the ultimate issue of 
the war is fully ascertained. 

A friendly advance to one party w^ould injure our interests with the 
other, if perchance we should approach the losing side. Hence one of 
the reasons w^hich induced me to stop the movements of the Susque- 
hanna, so strangely authorized by Commander Kelly, and to decline 
co-operation with Mr. Marshall in his desired attempts to reach Pekin — 
an experiment which T believe would have proved abortive, and led to 
injurious consequences. 

If we remain quiet, our relations with the Tartar government, should 
it triumph, cannot be in the least affected ; and should the revolutionary 
party succeed, we shall be greatly the gainers. Therefore, for the 
present, the exercise of a " masterly inactivity" is our best policy, 
whilst all our energies should be turned to the bringing within the 
family of commercial, or at least trading nations, the empire of Japan 
and its dependencies. 

The first step has already been successfully taken, and I feel a strong 
hope that, if left to act alone, and nothing interferes to derange my 
plans, I shall be ready in the earty spring to carry out the expectations 
of the government. * * 

Meanwhile the ships are usefully employed upon this coast, and in 
surveying. 

I append two extracts from the circular of Messrs. Nye, Parker & 
Co., most intelligent merchants; as also a copy of a report of Lieu- 
tenant Commanding Sinclair, as illustrative of the foregoing remarks. 

With great respect, I have the honor to be, your most obedient ser- 
vant, 

M. C. PERRY, 
Commander-in-Chief United States naval forces 

in the East India, China, and Japan seas* 

To the Hon. J. C. Dobbin, 

Secretary of the Navy, Washington, D. C 



NAVAL EXPEDITION TO JAPAN. 61 

United States Ship Supply, 

Hong Kong, August 28, 1853. 

Sir: I have the honor to report to you the arrival of this ship, under 
my command, from Lew-Chew, via Amoy, at which port I touched, 
in obedience to your order of July 31st, ultimo, and remained four days. 
The rebels, eighteen thousand in number, still hold possession of the 
city, and business of every kind has been suspended for three months 
past. The persons and property of all foreigners have been most 
scrupulously respected, and not one act of violence or indignity has 
been offered to any individual ; nor do they fear anything of the sort 
will occur. There are only three Americans in Amoy — two mission- 
aries and our consul — and no American trade direct. The only com- 
merce with the United States is carried on through other ports in China- 
I am, sir, respectfully, your obedient servant, 

A. SINCLAIR, 

Lieutenant Commanding, 
To Commodore M. C. Perry, 

Commanding United States naval forces, 

East India, China, and Japan seas. 



Canton, August 18, 1853. 

Sir : We, the undersigned, American merchants, beg leave to offer 
your excellency our congratulations upon your safe return to China, 
and upon the satisfactory result of your initiative visit to Japan. 

We hear with great satisfaction that you will remain here, and retain 
the most of the ships under your command upon these coasts until the 
period of your proposed return to that country, in prosecution of the 
ffirther objects of your mission in the ensuing spring; and we esteem 
it a most fortunate circumstance for the material interests of our coun- 
try, that so powerful and efficient a force, commanded by an officer so 
justly entitled to the confidence of his government, will be held avail- 
able for the protection of interests of such magnitude during the next 
six months — a period which has in it all the uncertainties incident to 
the state of complete disorganization into which this empire has fallen. 

We can, indeed, scarcely magnify the importance of the present 
crisis in the affairs of this country, or the influence of such a state of 
things upon the prosperity of our commerce and the safety of our inter- 
course. 

It is, we believe, now apparent to all observers that we are witness- 
ing the overthrow of the government of the Tartars, whilst as yet we 
look in vain for a power to replace it upon a settled and firm basis. 
Although the majority of the Chinese people are distinguished by a dis- 
position to cultivate the peaceful pursuits of industry and commerce ; 
and although we have every reason to believe that the revolutionists 
are favorably disposed to foreign intercourse, and these are almost of 
great promise for the future prosperity of our trade, yet it cannot be 
disguised that, should the present convulsed state of things be pro- 
longed, this mutually beneficial trade will continue to dwindle away^ 
if it does not, in respect to the importation of American goods, which is 
of great importance to our country, suffer a complete extinction ; but 



62 CORRESPONDENCE RELATIVE TO THE 

whilst we allude to these more remote consequences of this struggle 
for empire, our more immediate purpose and wish is to call your atten- 
tion to the present condition of affairs here, with a view of obtaining 
more available protection for a large amount of propert}^ that is here 
constantly exposed to the violence of a mob or the strife of contending 
forces. 

We are sensible of your vigilance in behalf of these interests, and 
acknowledge with extreme satisfaction the prompt sending of the 
steamer Mississippi to the lower reach of Whampoa, on your arrival at 
Hong Kong ; and we are the more ready to address you upon these 
points, because we see every indication of a desire to render all pos- 
sible protection to the interests in our charge ; our purpose, indeed, is 
rather to convey information as to the most available and efficient 
modes of affording such protection than to suggest a course of pro- 
ceeding. 

We wish, in this sense, to state that so completely paralyzed is the 
power of the government that it may be said that the whole country 
about Canton is swarming with thieves and desperate fellows, who are 
lying in wait for an opportunity to attack and plunder the foreign resi- 
dences, if not to wreak their vengeance upon the persons of their occu- 
pants. We have long been protected, in common with British subjects, 
by a steamer or sloop-of-war of her Britannic majesty, stationed near 
the factories, in the Macao passage, or directly in their front ; and we 
beg to say that we believe the Vandalia might be anchored in the 
Macao passage with perfect safety, as respects the draught of water, or 
that even the Mississippi might proceed up the Blenheim reach to a 
point within about two miles of the factories, where her Britannic ma- 
jesty's ship Blenheim of seventy guns was anchored for a number of 
weeks, in 1841. In either of these positions the force would be made 
available with perfect ease, in case of a fire or of any other cause of a 
sudden outbreak ; whereas, from the present position of the Mississippi 
no aid could be furnished in time to protect life and property efficiently ; 
and we beg leave to add, lor your information, that the freshets are 
much less strong in the Macao passage than in the Junk river, and that 
the southwest monsoon, or summer wind, is much more regular ; so 
that, in all respects, the stations we indicate are preferable to the lower 
reach. 

With these remarks, and the offer to give you any further informa- 
tion or assistance in our power. 

We are, sir, with great respect, your obedient servants, 

NYE, PERKINS & CO. 

AUGUSTINE HEARD & CO. 

H. A. MORE & CO. 

KING & CO. 

JAMES PURDON. 

RUSSELL & CO. 

HENRY H. HUBBELL. 

W. C. HUNTER. 

WM.*D. LEWIS. 

LIONEL MOSES. 

THOMAS WALSH. 
His Excellency Commodore Perry, Macao. 



NAVAL EXPEDITION TO JAPAN. 63 

Macao, August 24, 1853. 

Gentlemen: I have have had the honor of receiving your commu- 
nication of the 18th instant, in which you describe the present threatening 
aspect of political affairs in China, and speak of the necessity of prompt 
assistance should sudden commotions arise in Canton. 

I hardly need assure you, in reply to the flattering expressions con- 
tained in your communication, that as it ever has been my desire, 
during a long course of service, to dispose of the forces placed at my 
command in such manner as in my judgment would best subserve the 
honor and interests of our common country, so I shall be prepared for 
the present, and until a special duty calls me elsewhere, to adopt every 
means of securing the lives and property of American citizens in China, 
and I trust that a lapse of a few weeks will furnish information enabling 
us to judge more advisedty of the probable issue of events. 

It will be perceived by reference to the enclosed copy of an order, 
that I have directed an examination of the river above Whampoa, in view 
of movingthe "Mississippi" higher up. Meanwhile, if the merchants of 
the city deem it expedient, a guard of marines, and one or more pieces 
of artillery can be sent from that ship to remain at the Factory ; and 
Commander Lee will be prepared, upon requisition of the acting vice- 
consul, Mr. R. T. Sturgis, to land, at a moment's notice, an advance guard, 
to be followed, if need be, b}' a much larger force, composed of de- 
tachments from the other ships in the river. 

On inquir}' of Captain Endicott and others, I learn that the Missis- 
sippi, drawing as she does, when light, nearly 19 feet, cannot ascend 
to the point indicated in ^-our letter; but I expect in a few days the 
storeship Supply, which vessel has an efficient armament, and room 
for the accommodation of 150 men. She can reach the cit}', and, if it 
be found necessary, will, on arrival, be immediately dispatched. 

Thus, having a large ship at Whampoa in readiness to land her offi- 
cers and crew, and one of lighter draft abreast the city, sufficient pro- 
tection will be afforded not onh' to the property of our own country- 
men, but to that of all the foreign residents, as it is equally my wish to 
render assistance, if required, to the people of all nations whose safety 
may be endangered by unlawfjl violence. 

With 2:reat respect, I have the honor to be your most obedient servant, 

M. C. PERRY, 
Commander-in-cliief U. S. naval forces, 

East India, China, and Japan Seas. 

To Messrs. Nye, Perkins & Co., Augustine Heard & Co., Wet- 
more & Co., King & Co., James Purdon, Russell & Co., Henry H. 
HuBBELL, W. C. Hunter, Wm. D. Lewis & Co., Lionel Moses, 
Thomas Walsh. 

P. S. If there should be any delay in the arrival of the Supply, I 
shall send the storeship Southampton to the city as soon as she can be 
partly discharged. 



64 CORRESPONDENCE RELATIVE TO THE 

Commodore Perry to the Secretanj of the Nawj. 

[No. 20.] Macao, September 2, 1853. 

Sir: In connexion with my previous communications, Nos. 18 and 
19, I now iiave the honor to inform the department of the condition of 
the vessels of my command, their present employment, &c. 

Susquehanna, present flag-ship, at Cum-Sing-Moon, Canton river, 
not in good condition, but with care and watchfulness, will answer for 
another season on the station. 

Mississippi, at Whampoa, for the protection of the merchants in 
Canton, in good condition, and ready for any service. 

Powhatan, now at Hong Kong, just arrived from Lew-Chew, and 
ordered to Cum-Sing-Moon for repairs of engine and boilers, which will 
require a period of two months, and will be done by workmen of the 
squadron. This vessel is not in good condition, but 1 hope on exami- 
nation to give such instructions as will remedy some of her many 
defects. 

Macedonian, just arrived from the Unitetl States, at Cum-Sing-Moon, 
in readiness to proceed to any point where her services may be needed. 

Vandalia, just arrived from United States, the same. 

Saratoga, protecting American interests at Shanghai, and undergoing 
repairs ; having, by examination of her bottom by sub-marine apparatus, 
discovered an injury to her forefoot, occasioned by the vessel getting 
on shore before my arrival on the station. I have thought it unsafe to 
send her home without these repairs. 

Plymouth, in good condition, at Lew-Chew, to sustain the position 
assumed by me with respect to the authorities of those islands, and to 
look after a small depot of coal I have established at Napa, preparatory 
to ulterior movements. 

Commander Kelly has also instructions to continue the surveys pre- 
viously commenced of Great Lew-Chew, and to proceed after the ty- 
phon season is over, to the survey of the southern group of the Bonin 
Islands. — (See copies of accompanying instructions to, and report of, 
Commander Kelly, lettered A B C.) 

The storeship Supply, just arrived from Lew-Chew, via Amoy, in 
good order ; she being the only vessel of the squadron of sufficiently 
light draft to ascend the river as far as Canton, has been ordered to 
take her station opposite the city for the protection of merchants, in case 
of an outbreak, hourly expected; she will have a guard of marines tem- 
porarily attached to her. 

The Southampton, in good condition, just arrived fi-om Valparaiso,, 
is now discharging. 

It is impossible to predict with any certainty the issue of events in 
China, each day may bring about some important change, and months 
may elapse without the occurrence of a single event of moment. 

I may well hope, however, that something may transpire to calm 
the present alarm of the merchants at Canton, before it will be neces- 
sary for me to proceed with my whole force again to Yedo, in accord- 
ance with the intentions expressed by me in writing to the emperor. 

The ultimate success of this mission will depend entirely upon the 



NAVAL EXPEDITION TO JAPAN. 65 

means I may have of keeping up the moral influence upon the govern- 
ment of Japan, which my first visit imposed. 

It is only by working upon the fears of the rulers (for the people are 
friendly enough) that the least particle of justice can be obtained from 
them ; hence my anxiety to carry with me the most imposing force I 
can collect, not so much for actual coercive purposes, as for an object 
strictly diplomatic ; not only because it will hasten, but make more 
certain a favorable result. 

To this end I shall retain the three storeships until after my visit to 
Yedo. These being armed, will answer the double purpose of adding 
to the number of ships, and of carrying coals and provisions ; thus 
enabling the steamers to remain upon the coast until the Japanese 
government can have no longer an excuse for not coming to terms. 

One or more of these, together with the Saratoga and Plymouth, I 
propose to dispatch by May or June to the United States, direct from 
Japan, thus establishing the first communication by ships between the 
two countries. 

However I may regret the causes which have made it necessary to 
withdraw the Vermont and Alleghany from my command, it is my 
duty to do the best I can with the means placed at my disposal. 

And I trust that there will be no change in my instructions that will 
divert me from this great object of my life. I had the assurance of the 
former administration, especially of Mr. Webster, that I should act 
alone in this responsible duty, and such was the understanding when I 
assumed command. 

As the service is one strictly naval, and must be managed by naval 
means, the free and uncontrolled command of my whole Ibrce is abso- 
lutely necessary to secure anything like success ; a pursuance of the 
rules of ordinary diplomacy cannot have the least effect upon these 
sagacious and deceitful people. 

I beg to be excused for the voluminous character of my communi- 
cations by this mail ; my long absence fi^om the mail route has occp.- 
sioned an accumulation of matter to be communicated. 

With great respect, I have the honor to be, your obedient servant, 

M. C. PERRY, 
Commander-in-chief United States naval forces, 

East India, China, and Japan Seas, 

Honorable J. C. Dobbin, 

Secretary of the Navy, Washington, D. C. 



A. 

Extracts from instructions to Commander J. Kelly. 

As you are familiar with all the circumstances connected with our 
relations with the authorities and people of this island, and of my ob- 
ject in bringing about a greater degree of confidence and a more ex- 
tended social and commercial intercourse with them, I have to request 
that you will avail yourself of every means of concihating their friend- 
Ex. Doc. 34 5 



66 CORRESPONDENCE RELATIVE TO THE 

ship and good-will, exercising towards them a land but firm bearing, 
insisting on their fulfilment of all the stipulations agreed upon yester- 
day, and being careful to receive no aid or benefit from them which in 
other countries are paid for, without constraining them to receive com- 
pensation for the same. 

And it will be indispensably necessary, to the attainment of the ob- 
jects in view, that the oSicers and crews of the several vessels of the 
squadron should conduct themselves with gi'eat circumspection in their 
intercourse with the people, to the end that they may gradually relax 
in their unsocial habits, and become more familiar with our more 
friendly customs. 

It will be necessary that two strong boats (scow shape) should be 
built, purchased, or hired, for the landing and shipping of the coal. 
This you will please attend to. 

It will be optional with yourself to remain at Napa with the Ply- 
mouth or other ships that may arrive whose commanders may be junior 
to you, and whose vessels are not otherwise disposed of, or remove to 
Port Melville. And should 3'ou adopt the latter course, it will be ne- 
cessary that you leave a competent officer, with a boat and boat's crew, 
to occupy the house hired on shore, to be in readiness to board vessels 
arriving, to pilot them in, and to watch and keep in their proper posi- 
tion the buoy^ which will be this day placed to mark the south chan- 
nel. 

When the weather promises to be fine, and 3"ou have leisure, you 
will employ two of the ships' boats in surveying the eastern side of the 
island ; enjoin upon trie officers in charge to run no risk, and to be care- 
ful to secure at night a good harbor for their boats and camping places 
on shore. 

The reefs and islands which make off from the eastern side of Lew- 
Chew are dangerous, and it is desirable that they should be carefully 
explored. Perhaps there may be some ports of refuge iii bad weather 
that may be discovered by this examination. 



B. 

Instructiom to Commander Kelly to remain at Lew-Chew, 

UxiTED States Steam FRiaATE Susquehanxa, 

Napa, Leic- Chew,' July 30, 1850. 

Sir : When 3"ou may have considered the hurricane season to have 
passed, say about the first of October, 3'ou will (unless strong public 
reasons require 3'Our continuance at the island) proceed with the Ply- 
mouth under 3^our comnoaiad to Port Llo3'd, Peel island, one of the 
Bonin group. 

You will, on arrival, inquire into the condition of the settlers at 
that place ; and especially with respect to Nathaniel Savor3' and John 
Smith, two persons rated on the books of this ship, and rendering to all 
the settlers at that place such aid as 3^ou can proffer consistently with 
the nature of the service in which 3^ou are engaged. 



NAVAL EXPEDITION TO JAPAN. 67 

Obtaining the services of one or more of the settlers as pilots and 
guides, you will proceed, either with your ship or boats, as j^ou may 
deem most advisable to the cluster of islands lying to the southward of 
Peel island, and improperly called on Beechey's chart Baily's group, 
they having been discovered and so named, before Beechey saw them, 
by a Captain Coffin, most probably an American, judging from the 
peculiar name. 

Therefore the name is to be retained, and will be so noted on the 
chart which you are to make. 

To the principal island of the group, or that which has the best and 
most commodious harbor, you will give the name of "Hillsborough," 
and to the port the name of Newport. 

You will cause the shores of the islands to be thoroughly surveyed, 
in view of discovering ports and convenient anchoring places, especially 
with respect to a port suitable for a coal depot, the construction of 
sheds and wharves. 

The interior of the islands w^ill be fully explored ; in which duty you 
will call into action the talents of the civil as well as the other officers 
of the ship. 

It is desirable that you should obtain information respecting the 
geological formation of the islands, the character of the soil, its suitable- 
ness for cultivation, the indigenous timber and plants, the quality of its 
timber for mechanical purposes, the animals, birds, reptiles, the kinds 
and description of fishes in the neighboring waters, including the fami- 
lies of cetacea, testacea, and molusca ; the convenience of obtaining 
wood and water, the quality of the water ; in fine, to obtain all and 
every information which may contribute to a full knowledge of the en- 
tire group. 

Charts are to be made of the coasts and harbors, w^ith such explana- 
tions and meteorological observations as may the better enable you to 
report upon the subject. 

When these duties are accomplished, you will return to Napa and 
await further orders. 

During 3^our absence you will leave at Napa an officer with a boat 
and boat's crew, suitably armed and equipped, whose duty it will be 
to look out for the hired house on shore, the coal sheds, and to board 
outside and pilot into port such vessels as may appear off the harbor ; 
also, to watch and keep the buoys in their proper places. 

Respectfully, &c., 

M. C. PERRY, 
Coimnander-in-chief East India Squadron. 

Commander John Kelly, 

Commanding United States Ship Plymouth. 

P. S. — I will thank you to make inquiries as to the cattle and sheep 
I placed on Peel, and the sheep on Stapleton island. 



68 CORRESPONDENCE RELATIVE TO THE 

c. 

United States Ship Plymouth, 

Napa Kiang Roads, Lew-Chew, August 22, 1853. 

Sir : The sailing of the Caprice enables me to inform you that I 
have this day heard from'our surveying party. Lieutenant Balch in- 
forms me that they are getting along very well. They were, at the 
time of his writing, the 20th instant, encamped on Bama Island, a short 
distance to the southward of Barrow's bay. 

We are all in good health, except some chronic cases, as you will 
perceive by the enclosed report, but very tired of this place. 

I have the honor to be, sir, very respectfully, your obedient servant, 

JOHN KELLY, 

Commander, 
Commodore M. C. Perry, 

Commanding United States naval forces \ 

Hast India, China, and Japan seas. \ 



Secretary of the Navy to Commodore Perry. 

U. S. Navy Department, 

Washington, November 19, 1853. 

Sir : Your several dispatches, Nos. 18, 19, and 20 have been re- 
ceived. 

The department is much gratified to learn from them that the squad- 
ron under your command has cautiously avoided involving our gov- 
ernment in the disturbances which agitate the people of China, and is, 
therefore, in a condition to avail itself favorably of the result of the 
revolution. 

Your disposition to protect the interests of Americans in China, and 
to co-operate cheerfully in advancing the interests of our government, 
will meet with every encouragement from the department. 

In reply to your No. 18, you are authorized to make such advances i 
to Dr. Morrow as your judgment may approve, keeping an account j 
thereof, that they may be refunded by the Department of the Interior, 'i 

Transmitted herewith is a duplicate of a dispatch from this depart- 
ment, dated November 14th, instant, addressed to yourself, the original 
of which has been intrusted to the Hon. Mr. McLane, our commis- j) 
sioner to China, who intended to sail this month in the steamer for 
Havre, thence by the overland route. The President, however, in 
consideration of the near approach of the meeting of Congress, deems 
it advisable that he should not leave the country until he shall be con- 
firmed by the Senate. 

I am, ver}^ respectfully, your obedient servant, 

J. C. DOBBIN, 

Secretary of the Navy. 

Commodore M. C. Perry, 

Com^dg U. S. Squadron East India and China seas* 



NAVAL EXPEDITION TO JAPAN. 69 

Commodore Ferry to the Secretary of the Navy. 

[No. 21.] Macao, September 26, ]853. 

Sm : I have the honor to enclose herewith duphcates of previous 
communications, Nos. 18, 19, and 20. 

Nothing of very important interest has occurred in China since my 
last dates. Shanghai has fallen into the hands of the insurgents, but 
neither the persons nor property of foreigners have been disturbed. 
The Saratoga is at that place for the protection of American interests, 
and I have two vessels at and near Canton for the same purpose. 

No serious disturbance has yet transpired in that city, but an out- 
break is now, and has been for some time, hourly looked for. 

I beg to invite the attention of the department to the increasing 
wants of the squadron of many articles usually shipped to foreign sta- 
tions by the bureau of construction and equipment, some change 
having taken place, as I learn, in that bureau, may have changed also 
the source of supplies of articles of chandlery. 

The moist climate of the east is very destructive to sails, cordage, 

&c., and though almost every description of article required for ships 

may be purchased in China, yet at high prices ; and v/hen the present 

I unusual rates of exchange, now 65. 62. sterling for the Spanish dollar, 

I are considered, it makes the prices of articles furnished very high ; hence 

I have thought it advisable to advertise for tenders for supplying such 

articles as it may be necessary to purchase. This will invite compe- 

I tition, and we shall make our purchases on much better terms ; still, 

I it is better to send the supplies from our navy yards at home, not by 

i the slow and uncertain conveyance of storeships, but by freighting 

j vessels constantly sailing from New York and Boston for Hong Kong ; 

! thus our supply will be kept up, and the cost of transportation be much 

i less than if freighted by storeships. 

j I would suggest that nothing more, whether coal, provisions, or 
I stores, be sent to Shanghai, the navigation of that river is so dangerous 
I to large ships. 

1 The two storeships nov\^ here and the one expected (the Lexington) 
! will be of great service to me in conveying coals to the bay of Yedo, 
j and helping to increase the number of the vessels of the next expedi- 
j tion to Japan, upon which I shall sail soon after the arrival of the Lex- 
j ington, as I am fearful of some interference from other powers. 
I I learn indirectly that the French government contemplates sending 
! a force to Japan, and 3^et I can hardly believe it to be true, as it would 
I be unfair to intermeddle jusi at this time. 

j A Russian admiral, in a fifty-gun ship, accompanied by a small 
I steamer, touched, in June last at Canton, and sailed in quest of me, 
j declaring such intention to Mr. Forbes, the United States consul, also 
I informing that gentleman that he had instructions from his government 
to co-operate with me. 

I have heard nothing more of the Russian force, probably the admi- 
ral not finding me at the north, as the squadrons must have crossed each 
other, has gone to Kamschatka. 

I propose to send the Plymouth and Saratoga home in the spring, 



70 CORRESPONDENCE RELATIVE TO THE 

with one of the storeships ; until then their services cannot well be dis- 
pell sed with. 

With great respect, I am, sir, your most obedient servant, 

M. C. PERRY, 
Commander-in-chief U. S. naval forces, 

East India, China, and Jajpan seas. 
Hon. James C. Dobbix, 

Secretary of the Navy, Washington, D. C. 



Commodore Perry to the Secretary of the Navy. 

[No. 22.] Macao, October 9, 1S53. 

Sir : I have the honor to transmit herewith a copy of a correspon- 
dence between the Hon. Humphrey Marshall and myself, and to state 
that all remains quiet at Canton ; and, by last advices from Shanghai, 
the new possessors of the city had given no uneasiness to the foreign 
residents. 

With my present information, I am inclined to think that the reports 
of the dangers to which the life and property of foreigners are exposed 
in China are greatty exaggerated. 

Notwithstanding the many disturbances and changes of local govern- 
ment, which are constant^ occurring, there has not been an instance 
of molestation of foreigners or their property ; the insurgent party 
seeming rather to be desirous of conciliating the friendship and gaining 
the protection of strangers. 

In the recent revolution at Shanghai, causing the overthrow of the 
imperial authorities, Americans and other foreigners walked through* 
the streets, in the very midst of the tumult, without insult or hindrance* 

Though I ever have been, and shall always continue to be ready, 
when in command, to afford such means as may be at ni}- disposal to 
satisf}^, as far as practicable, the many demands of merchants for pro- 
tection of their property, there should be some limit to these demands, 
especially as our consuls abroad a,re very generally engaged in com- 
merce ; in China the}^ belong to leading houses. 

The most profitable branch of trade carried on by many of the 
Americans, English, and other foreigners, is of a clandestine character, 
in violation of tbe laws of China and the stipulations of the Cushing 
treaty ; and it is difficult for a naval commander, in extending the pro- 
tection of his ship, to distinguish between the property engaged in the 
legal or illegal trade. 

I have made the foregoing remarks with reference to the accompany- 
ing correspondence, as also to that which transpired in my last, when 
I was about sailing for Japan, copies of which (dated the 16th of Ma}^, 
1853) were transmitted to the department. 

In no nav}^ in the world, serving on foreign stations, certainly in 
none with whose regulations I am acquainted, and especially with 
respect to the Enghsh and French squadrons now serving in these 
seas, has an ambassador, resident minister, or consul, the shghtest 



NAVAL EXPEDITION TO JAPAN. 71 

right to interfere. If it were so, the commanders of such forces would 
fiud themselves entirel}^ powerless to effect any object of usefulness. 

It is the duty of the commander to advise with and to act in concert, 
so far as may be practicable, with these functionaries ; but no one but 
themselves cail properly judge of the fitness of their ships for particular 
service, their supplies of provisions, and for steamers, of fuel and the 
means of obtaining it; the condition of engines, the adaptation of ves- 
sels for certain navigation, the health of the officers and crew, and the 
necessity of protecting them in every possible way from unnecessary 
exposure. 

These are matters rarely considered by those who invoke assistance 
and whose whole thouQ:hts are ever eno^rossed in their business. 

We have at this time much sickness, causing within a few days sev- 
eral deaths, including that of Lieutenant Joseph H. Adams, and it is 
highly necessary that the officers and men, at this most sickly of all 
seasons, should not be unnecessarily exposed. Indeed, I am obliged 
to have the steamer stationed near Canton relieved at short intervals 
by another, to prevent a too fatal introduction of sickness on board by 
a long continuance in the river. 

Had I complied with the request of Mr. Marshall in May last, 
already referred to, I could not have visited Japan, and now to employ 
nearly my whole force upon a. service of very doubtful expediency, 
and thus exhaust the supply of coal, which I have collected with so 
much care, and to continue for an indefinite time to wait the coming of 
events in China, which are as likely to happen a year hence as to-mor- 
row, and to endanger the means of visiting Japan, to which I had 
pledged myself to the Japanese government, would, in my opinion, be 
altogether unjustifiable, and at positive variance with my instructions. 

I shall, therefore, sail for Lew-Chew and Yedo as soon as the Lex- 
ington arrives, now out 111 days, and if it is absolutely necessary, will 
leave one or two of the smaller vessels in China, though I hope to be 
able to take my whole force with me, as a measure of the highest im- 
portance, even if some of them are sent immediately back. 

In my business with Japan, where as yet there are no American 
merchants, or diplomatic agents, I have the assurance of not being in- 
terfered with, and shall be able to act with energy and promptitude, 
and without embarrassment, and whether successful or otherw^ise, the 
responsibility will all rest upon myself 

With great respect I am, sir, your most obedient servant, 

M. C. PERRY, 

Cortibg East India Squadron, 

Hon. James C. Dobbin, 

Secretary of the Navy, Washington, D. C 



Legation of U. S. A., Shanghai, China, 

September 22, 1852. 

Sir : I have received instructions from the Department of State, 
requiring " the utmost vigilance and activity" on my part to protect 
the lives, property, and rights of the citizens of the United States resi- 



TI CORRESPONDENCE RELATIVE TO THE 

dent in China, which render it necessary that I should communicate 
with the conamanding officer of the United States naval forces in these 
seas. 

In the execution of this duty, I shall ask the instrumentality of the 
public vessels under your command, and your cordial co-operation 
w^ill be indispensable to the due discharge of rny official trust. The 
Secretary of State informs me that the United States naval forces in 
these seas will be "devoted to this important object." 

Accordingly, I have directed the acting consul (Mr. Spooner) of the 
United States at Canton to call upon you for such naval force as may 
be, in his opinion, requisite for the protection of our countrymen at that 
port, in addition to the ship already stationed there. 

The disturbed state of Amoy, and the absence of consular authority 
on the part of the United States — which results from the withdrawal 
by the consul of the authority from his former delegate — render the 
presence of a public vessel at that place very desirable, and most re- 
spectfully I request you to order a ship from 3^our squadron, tempo- 
rarily, on that service. 

I regret, especially, that the difficulty of navigating the river Min 
seems to place it beyond our power to exhibit the ensign of the United 
States at this time before Fuhchau ; but I have heretofore suooested 
to you the probability that the public service would require yo2i to visit 
that vicinity as well as myself. That matter I wdll at present reserve. 

I cannot sa}^ that I apprehend an attack upon the foreign residents 
at Shanghai; but as the Chinese part of this city has fallen into the 
possession of insurgents who are strangers in this section of China, and 
whose discipline is very defective, such an event is apprehended by 
others, and might at any moment occur. Increased vigilance and a 
force competent to effective resistance are the surest preventives of 
such a calamity. The proximity of the city to Ningpo, where some 
citizens of the United States reside, and whence reports of disturbances 
are rife occasionally, would render the task easy to extend protection 
to that place, provided a steamer is added to the force now before this 
city. But the naUire of the force to be employed at each place to ac- 
complish the purposes indicated by my instructions falls clearty within 
your prerogative as commander of the naval forces of our country in 
these seas, and I refrain, therefore, from advancing any suggestion in 
regard thereto, for I desire you to be assured that, in the execution of 
my official fimction, I have not the slightest wish to encroach upon ijour 
'privilege as an officer. 

I am, very respectfully, your obedient servant, 

HUMPHREY MARSHALL, 
Commissioner of the Uiated States to China, 

Commodore M. C Perry, U. S. N., 

Commander-in-chief of the naval forces of the U. S. of America 

in the Chinese seas, (^'c, ^c, at Macao. 



Macao, September 29, 1853. 

Sir : I have received your communication of the 22d instant, and, in 
reply, assure you that it will afford me the greatest pleasure to co-oper- 



NAVAL EXPEDITION TO JAPAN. 73 

ate most cordially with you in the protection of the lives, property, and 
rights of the citizens of the United States resident in China. The 
steps I have already taken will bear ample evidence of my disposition 
in that respect ; and though I have received no other instructions hav- 
ing reference to China than those brought with me, and of which you 
have been made acquainted, a proper appreciation of the duties de- 
volving upon me as the commander of the United States naval forces 
in these seas, would always prompt me to use the means at my dispo- 
sal in such manner as in my best judgment would most conduce to the 
general interest of the government, and the welfare and safety of 
American citizens resident in China, and in other eastern countries 
within the sphere of my command. 

There is now, and has been from the moment of my return from Ja- 
pan, stationed at and near Canton a force more than sufficient for all 
purposes of protection, and, in addition, the Vandalia sloop-of-war 
moved up the river yesterday, to remain a short time. 

Being in constant, almost hourly communication either with the com- 
manders of the vessels of the squadron stationed at Canton andWham- 
poa, with the United States vice-consul, or the American merchants 
resident at the factory, I am myself the better judge of the necessity 
of adding still further to that force, having in regard other important 
objects in view, and Mr. Spooner is aware that any suggestion of his 
will receive all due attention from me ; beyond this, his official action 
will have no influence in determining the movements of the ships under 
my command. 

In the arrangements heretofore proposed by me for the disposition 
of the services of the vessels, the Plymouth, on her way from Lew- 
Chew to Macao, will avail of the northeast monsoon, and touch at 
Fuhchau and Ningpo, and probably at Amoy, though the supply visited 
that port but a month since, as you will perceive by a perusal of the 
enclosed copy of a letter from her commander. 

I do not know of any American property at either of these cities, 
excepting that which may belong to missionaries ; and taking into 
consideration the fact that these gentlemen and their families have 
hitherto been treated with kindness by the Chinese of all parties, I can 
hai'dly conceive that they will be exposed to the slightest annoyance. 

The continuance of the Saratoga at Shanghai will, in my belief, give 
sufficient protection to American life and property at that place ; in 
truth, there is a larger force at this time looking after the property of 
American citizens at Canton and Shanghai, than has ever before com- 
posed the entire strength of the East India squadron, and it is well 
known that the extra ships now refitting at the headquarters of the 
station have been expressly detailed for the Japan expedition. 

The refitment of the engines of the Powhatan now in hand, and the 
crippled condition of the machinery of the Susquehanna, which re- 
quires the utmost care to keep it in working order, leave me but one 
effective steamer, the Mississippi, (my present flag-ship,) for any special 
employment. And even if they were all ready for sea, I should not 
deem it advisable, or justifiable in the present aspect of affairs, to con- 
sume any part of the limited suppty of coal I have with so much diffi- 
culty, and at high cost to the government, provided for my next Japan 



74 CORRESPONDENCE RELATIVE TO THE 

cruise, in employing these large and valuable steamers in visitin£( 
Ningpo and Fuhchau, when a sloop-of-war of lighter draught would 
answer a much better purpose by being able to approach nearer to 
those cities. 

I have thus, with the utmost candor, given you my views respecting 
my duties in regard to China ; and so long as I remain in this part of 
my command, shall continue to devote myself, so far as my judgment 
will permit, to the best interests of all who may have claim to 
the protection of the ships under my command ; again remarking that 
I shall be most happy to co-operate with you in every way compatible 
with my instructions, the usages of the naval service, and with the 
prerogatives which belong to my naval command and to the special in- 
structions to prosecute other important duties elsewhere. 

But after all, notwithstanding the exaggerated accounts we are con- 
stantly receiving of the dangers to which foreigners are or may be ex- 
posed in China, I have yet to be informed of the first instance since I 
have been on the station — and I presume the remark may bear a much 
wider range — wherein an American or any foreigner has been in the 
least molested in person or property. 

Commander Walker has been instructed to proceed to Fuhchau. 
Should he, on consulting with you, deem it necessary at any conjunc- 
ture to do so, and from thence return to Shanghai, I shall have an extra 
ship ready to hasten to either of those places should the information 
constantly received at this place from the coast north and south make 
it expedient to dispatch one. 

I am, sir, very respectfully, your obedient servant, 

M. C. PERRY, 
Commander-in-chief U. S. naval forces^ 

East India, C/ii?ia, and Japan Seas, 

His Excellency Humphrey Marshall, 

U. S. Commissioner to China, Shano-hai. 



United States Ship Supply, Hong Kong, 

Ai/gnst 28, 1853. 

Sir: I have the honor to report to you the arrival of this ship, under 
my command, from Lew-Chew, via Amoy, at which port I touched in 
obedience to your order of July 31st ultimo, and remained four days. 
The rebels, eighteen thousand in number, still hold possession of the 
city, and business of every kind has been suspended tor three months 
past. The persons and property of all foreigners have been most scru- 
pulously respected, and not one act of violence or indignity has been 
offered to any individual, nor do they fear anything of the sort will occur. 
There are only three Americans in Amoy — two missionaries and one 
consul — and no American trade direct. The only commerce with the 
United States is carried on through other ports in China. 
I am, sir, respectfully, your obedient servant, 

A. SINCLAIR, LicKtenant Commanding. 
Commodore M. C. Perry, 

Comma7iding TJ. S. naval forces, 

East India, China, and Jaiian Seas, Hong Kong. 



NAVAL EXPEDITION TO JAPAN. 75 

Commodore Perry to the Secretary of the Navy. 

[No. 25.] Macao, October 24, 1853. 

Sir : The death of Lieutenant J. H. Adams, of the Powhatan, and 
the return home of Lieutenant Contee to resign, and of heutenants Fitz- 
gerald, Howell, and Caldwell on account of sickness, of midshipman 
Wm. McNeal Armstrong to prepare for his examination, and the pre- 
sent sickness of a large number of those still attached to the squadron, 
have caused great inconvenience, and unless a reinforcement of lieu- 
tenants and passed midshipmen are sent to the station it wdll be im- 
possible to keep the ships in an efficient condition for service. 

The withdrawal of one officer from a ship imposes additional duties 
on the others, and by this excess of fatigue they break down, either for 
a time or permanently, and thus we are daily becoming weaker. 

It will be recollected that the Vandalia sailed from the United States 
without a single midshipman, and I have been obliged to provide her 
with two from the other ships ; on one occasion all her lieutenants and 
her master were sick at one time, and the deck was necessarily left in 
charge of a master's mate. 

One of her lieutenants (Caldwell) has gone home sick, and another, 
Whiting, complains of inability to keep watch. Considering the service 
in which the squadron is engaged, in a climate particularly trying to the 
constitution, it is impossible to foresee the consequences of this want of 
officers. 

If I had passed midshipmen, or even midshipmen, to relieve the 
lieutenants of a part of th(!ir duties, we might manage better, but these 
are scarce as the other class. 

The officers attached to the Plymouth and Saratoga will have been 
absent from the United States more than four years before they can 
reach home ; I cannot think of detaining them a day after we shall 
have again visited Japan. 

As I have recommended that stores for the squadron should here- 
after be shipped in private vessels, by chartering an entire ship, cabin 
included, and ballasting her with coals, the stores could not only be 
sent out at a much less cost than by a public storeship and a rein- 
forcement of officers might be conveyed in her to the station at triffing 
expense. 

We have at this moment, besides a large number of seaman and 
marines, on the sick list of those that have been reported to me, three 
lieutenants, two surgeons, two pursers, and two masters, off duty. 

With my strong constitution, I have not myself escaped the effects of 
the climate. 

I should not have permitted Lieutenant Contee to have left the 
squadron had he not expressed his fixed determination to resign, as will 
be perceived by reference to the enclosed copies of letters, marked A 
and B. 

With great respect, I am, sir, your most obedient servant, 

M. C. PERRY, 
Commander-in-chief United States naval forces, 

East India, China, and Japa?i seas, 

Hon. James C. Dobbin, 

Se^'^'etary of the Navy, 



76 CORRESPONDENCE RELATIVE TO THE 

Secretary of the Navy to Commodore Perry. 

Navy Department, January 13, 1854. 

Sir: In reply to your letter of the 24th of October last, (No. 25,) I 
have to inform you that, in the present condition of the lists of the lieu- 
tenants and passed midshipmen, it is found difficult to supply your 
squadron with the additional officers of those grades called for by your 
letter. It is hoped that, with the thirty lieutenants and thirty-two 
passed midshipmen still attached to the squadron, you may be enabled 
to do without a further supply of officers. 

I am, respectfully, your obedient servant, 

J. C. DOBBIN. 
Commodore 51. C. Perry, 

Commanding Ufiited States naval forces, East Indies. 



Secretary of the Navy to Commodore Perry. 

Navy Department, October 28, 1853. 

Sir,: For some months past, the department indulged the hope of 
being able to dispatch a steamer to China, to be at the service of the 
commissioner representing our government, and to afford him facilities 
for accomplishing the great purposes of his mission, rendered much 
more interesting and important by the startling revolutionary move- 
ments in that country. The United States steamer Princeton was 
especially set apart for that purpose. But the steamers Princeton, San 
Jacinto, and Alleghany, have all proved miserable failures. This ac- 
counts, therefore, for the delay of a previous order similar to this. 

The President trusts that it may not seriously incommode 3^our ope- 
rations, in regard to Japan, to co-operate with our commissioner in the 
interesting undertaking to bring about free intercourse with the govern- 
ment of China; to form commercial treaties of vast benefit to the 
American people, and introduce a new era in the history of trade and 
commerce. 

The mission in which you are engaged has attracted much admira- 
tion, and excited much expectation. But the present seems to be a 
crisis in the history of China, and is considered b}' many as throwing 
around China, at least, as much interest and attraction as Japan pre- 
sents. 

To have your name associated with the opening of commercial inter- 
course with Japan, may well excite your pride; but to be identified, 
also, with the great events that we trust may yet transpire in connec- 
tion with China, may be well esteemed a privilege and an honor. 

Hoping that it may not interfere seriously with your plan of opera- 
tions, yoLi wiU, on receipt of this communication, immediately dispatch 
one of the war steamers of your squadron to Macao, to meet the Hon. 
R. M. McLane, our commissioner to China, to be subject to his control 
until other orders reach you. Mr. McLane will bear with him further 
instructions to you. In the meantime, however, you will act as here- 



NAVAL EXPEDITION TO JAPAN. 77 

tofore in the matter of your mission — only dispatching the vessel as 
above mentioned. Mr. McLane will probably leave on the ]9th 
proximo. 

Your very interesting dispatches of 25th June last have been re- 
ceived, and the department is much gratified with your successful ope- 
rations thus far, and indulges the hope, that in regard to Japan and 
Cliina, there is in store for you much additional honor and fame. 
I am, very respectfully, your obedient servant, 

J. C. DOBBIN. 
Commodore M. C. Perry, 

Commanding U. S» Squadron, East India and China seas. 



Commodore Perry to the Secretary of the Navy. 

[No. 26.] Macao, November 20, 1853. 

Sir: I have the honor of transmitting, herewith, a copy of a second 
correspondence with the American merchants resident at Canton. 

Various motives have induced me to comply with the request of those 
gentlemen, as apart from a desire to oblige them, the arrangement is 
the most advantageous I could possibly have made. 

The only vessels in the squadron that can ascend the river to Can- 
ton are the storeships. 

The " Supply," well armed, has been at anchor off the factory during 
the last three months, and as it would have been unpardonable in me 
to have withdrawn her, without substituting another equally efficient, 
I had, in fact, no alternative. The services of the storeships cannot be 
dispensed with in my next visit to Japan. 

In view of leaving the " Supply " at her present station, I had caused 
inquiries to be made for a freighting vessel to accompany the squadron, 
but none could be procured, and if one of sufficient burden vvere to be 
chartered, I could not have obtained her under $2,000 per month. 

I have hired the English steamer " Queen," a new vessel, for $500 
per month ; therefore, in chartering her, a monthly saving of $1500 will 
accrue to the government, and I shall have an additional armed store- 
ship with me. 

Under these circumstances, I trust, that the course adopted by me 
will be approved by the department ; indeed, upon a station so remote 
as this is from the seat of government, a commander of a.»squadron is 
constantly called upon to exercise a large discretion, and I feel grati- 
fied in saying that this latitude is granted to me by my instructions, as 
well from the Navy as the State Department. 

I have chartered the " Queen" for six months, with the privilege of 
a renewal of the contract, and have placed her in command of Lieu- 
tenant Alfred Taylor, of the Mississippi. The only difficulty I have 
found in the way of the arrangement is the inconvenience of supplyins: 
her with officers, as the ships of the squadron are far short of their 
ll respective complements. 

\ Nothing of interest has transpired upon the coast since the date of 
I my last dispatches, excepting the evacuation of Amoy by the insur- 



78 CORRESPONDENCE RELATIVE TO THE 

gents, and its re-occupation by the imperial authorities, who committed 
upon the unarmed people excessive cruelties. 

The honorable Mr. Marshall returned to this quarter some days 
since. 

The storeship Lexington, now out 155 days from New York, has not 
yet made her appearance. I am only waiting her arrival, and the com- 
pletion of the repairs of the Powhatan, to sail again for Japan, being 
induced to hasten my departure in consequence of the suspected move- 
ments of the Russian and French squadrons. 

With 2;reat respect, I am, sir, your most obedient servant, 

M. C. PERRY, 
Corri'g East India Squadron. 
Hon. J. C. Dobbin, 

Secretary of the Navy, Washington, D. C. 



Canton, November 5, 1853. 

b5iR : Upon the occasion of your return from Japan in August, we 
had the honor of offering you our congratulations and the expression of 
the satisfaction we derived from knowing that you would remain here 
and retain 3^our forces upon these coasts for a considerable period of 
time. 

We then briefly sketched the state of affairs in this country as in our 
view characterized by much insecurity, and as showing the opportune- 
ness of your arrival with a powerful force — one so commanding that 
the moral effect of its presence would tend to avert apprehended 
dangers. 

The course of events at Shanghai and in this neighborhood, while it 
has confirmed our apprehensions as to the precarious condition of 
afiairs, leaves to ^'ourself the satisfaction of having afforded the protec- 
tion which the important interests of our country required. ^ 

YoQ now inform us that the special service w^ith which you are 
charged requires your early departure from this river with the vessels 
of your squadron, which, collectively, you consider no more than suf- 
ficient for your purpose. 

As there appears no reason to apprehend an early outbreak of hos- 
tihties, and we understand that a new and efficient steamer can be 
chartered at Hong Kong, we beg leave to suggest to 3^ou the substitu- 
tion of her in place of the storeship "Supply," now used as the guard 
ship near the factories here. i 

We consider that, from the greater adaptedness of a steamer to ser-| 
vice in this river, she may be made more efficient than a large saihng ' 
vessel, by placing proper officers, crew, and armament on board of her ; , 
and we trust that you may consider yourself authorized, by the impoi^e 
tance of the interests at risk here, to charter and commission her ac-. 

cordingly. ^ [ 

We take great interest in the special mission with which 3^ou are 
charged, and should very much regret any occurrences in this country 
compelling the weakening of the force necessary to insure your success, i 
We hope,"indeed, that your able initiatory steps have so impressed thel 



NAVAL EXPEDITION TO JAPAN. 79 

peculiar people with whom you have to deal that you may now readily 
attain the principal objects of the undertaking, and thus achieve a suc- 
cess equal to your own deserts, and commensurate with the liberal 
scale upon which the government entered upon the expedition — a re- 
sult at once satisfactory to our country and worthy the applause of all 
other nations. 

With the expression of this hope, which is inspired by the high re- 
spect and sincere personal regard derived from the intercourse we have 
held with 3^ourself, as well as by our patriotism, we remain, sir, your 
countrymen and obedient servants, 

HENRY W. HUBBLE. 

WETMORE & CO. 

WM. D. LEWIS & CO. 

NYE, PARKER & CO. 

LIONEL MOSES. 

AUGUSTINE HEARD & CO. 

RUSSELL & CO, 

KING & CO. 

His Excellency Commodore Perry, (^c, ^'c. 



Canton, November 9, 1853. 

Gentlemen : I have had the honor of receiving 5^our communication 
of the 5th instant, and have now the pleasure of informing you that, in 
accordance with the suggestions contained therein, I have chartered 
the new steamer " Queen," and shall take immediate steps to put her 
in commission, and station her off this city as a substitute for the 
Supply. 

Again, gentlemen, let me thank you for the kind and complimentary 
manner in which you have alluded to my public services, and to the 
brief intercourse which it has been m}^ good fortune to enjoy with you ; 
an association made doubly gratifying to me as bringing me more inti- 
mately acquainted with so many of the most distinguished merchants 
of our country, and of knowing from your flattering letter that I have 
gained your liriendship and esteem. 

In the delicate and responsible duties so frequently devolving upon 
a naval ofiicer serving abroad, the good opinion of those with whom he 
may be called to act, superadded to the approval of his government, 
is a reward not always attained ; but with you, gentlemen, my w^ay 
has been smooth and pleasant, and I trust that the kindly feeling at 
present subsisting between us may long continue. 

Whatever may be the result of the special mission with which I 
have been charged, the conviction that I shall carry with me your 
good wishes will be a source of high satisfaction. 

With great respect and esteem, I am, dear sirs, your friend and 
fellow-countryman, 

M. C. PERRY. 

Messrs. Nye, Parker & Co., Wetmore & Co., Augustine Heard 
& Co., King & Co., Russell & Co., Henry W. Hubbell, William 
D. Lewis & Co., Lionel Moses. 



CORRESPONDENCE RELATIVE TO THE 

Commodore Ferry to the Secretary of the Navy. 

[No. 30.] U. S. Steam Frigate Susquehanna, 

Hong Kong, December 24, 1853. 

> Sir: The operations of the United States squadron in these seas, 
and more particularly with reference to Japan and the neighboring 
islands, have attracted much attention from all quarters, and I have 
found myself considerably annoyed by the mysterious movements of 
the Russian and French ships of war. 

Of the French commodore I have heard nothing since he sailed 
under sealed orders from Macao some weeks ago ; the Russian admiral, 
from whom I recently received a letter, asking for another supply of 
coal, now openly avows his desire to join my force, and enter into full 
co-operation with me. — (See copy of his letter, marked A.)^ 

This I shall positively, though courteously, decline, as inconsistent 
with our poHcy of abstaining from all alhances with foreign powers ; 
and for reason, also, that his co-operation cannot advance the interests 
of the United States, however it might benefit the object of the Rus- 
sian emperor, of the nature of whose designs I am utterly ignorant. 

I learn from undoubted authority, that during the stay of the Rus- 
sian admiral at Nagasaki he effected nothing; nor did he receive any 
reply to his apphcation, further than to be informed that the emperor had 
recently died, and, in consequence, no foreign business could be transacted 
for a certain period of time. He had no intercourse with the Dutch at 
Nagasaki, excepting in the presence of Japanese spies, who insisted 
that at the conferences the Dutch language, with which they were ac- 
quainted, should only be spoken. 

The admiral proposed to the Dutch a forced intercourse, but they 
dechned, in the apprehension of offending the Japanese ; and when the 
single vessel of the Dutch of the present year was about saihng from 
Nagasaki, only partly loaded, the Dutch, as well as the Japanese, re- 
fused to allow the Russians to send letters by her. 

Having thus spoken of the French and Russians, I now refer to an 
interview and correspondence recently had with Sir George Bonham, 
H. B majesty's plenipotentiary and superintendent of trade in China. 

Sir George came on board two days ago to see me upon the subject 
of a dispatch he had received from Lord Clarendon, which instructed 
him to make inquiry as to the object of my movements respecting the 
Benin islands. 

After along conference he departed apparently satisfied with my re- 
plies, and promised, in comphance with a request of mine, to address me 
a written communication upon the subject, to which I would reply, that 
thus we might have the means of furnishing to our respective govern- 
ments an account of all the circumstances connected with the inquiry. 
The papers marked contain all the information, excepting a copy of 
Lord Clarendon's letter, which was not sent to me, though the original | 
was submitted to my perusal. ^ ^ tj u t ' 

In connexion with the correspondence with Sir George Bonham, 1 
beg to call attention to my dispatch. No. 15, bearing date June 28, 1853, , 
and especially to the paragraph which is here copied, as follows : ^ 
''But there is one, and only one difficulty in the way ot investing 



NAVAL EXPEDITION. TO JAPAN. 81 

American capital in these islands, and that difficulty lies in the uncer- 
tainty of the right of sovereignty of the soil, which has never yet been 
established, though the most prominent claimant is the queen of Eng- 
land, with no other right, however, than that which may have grown 
out of the performance of a ceremony (perhaps not expres^sly author- 
ized by his government) by Captain Beechey, commanding the Eng- 
lish surveying vessel ' Blossom,' who, in 1827, formally took possession 
of the group, and gave English names to all the islands." 

I shall in no way allow of any infringement upon our national rights ; 
on the contrary, 1 believe that this is the moment to assume a position 
in the east which will make the power and influence of the United 
States felt in such a way as to give greater importance to those rights 
which, among eastern nations, are generally estimated by the extent 
of military force exhibited. 

Considering that I am acting very much upon my own responsibility, 
I should desire to be instructed as to the policy, which I do not hesi- 
tate to recommend, of continuing the influence which I have already 
acquired over the authorities and people of the beautiful island of Lew- 
Chew ; an influence, in truth, acquired without the commission of a 
single wrong upon the people, but rather contributing to their advantage. 

The department will be surprised to learn that this royal dependency 
of Japan, tracing its royal genealogy in regular succession from the 
twelfth century, is in such a state of political vassalage and thralldom, 
that it would be a merit to extend over it the vivifying influence and 
protection of a government like our own. 

It is self-evident that the course of coming events will ere long make 
it necessary for the United States to extend its territorial jurisdiction 
beyond the limits of the western continent, and I assume the responsi- 
bihty of urging the expediency of estabhshing a foothold in this quar- 
ter of the globe, as a measure of positive necessity to the sustainment 
of our maritime rights in the east. 

I shall continue to maintain the influence over the authorities and 
people of Lew-Chew which I now command, but it is important that 
I should have instructions to act promptly, for it is not impossible that 
some other power, less scrupulous, may slip in and seize upon the 
advantages which should justly belong to us. 

The progress of the revolutionary war in China is, as I have all 
along predicted, tending to the overthrow of the present reigning 
dynasty. The insurgents have reached the neighborhood of Pekin 
havmg seized upon the entrepot of grain of the metropolis, and no one 
now doubts their ultimate success. 

But some time will elapse before any new government can be 
formed. When such power is organized, it will be desirable to urge, 
on the part of the United States, a revision and enlargement of the 
provisions of our treaty with the empire.— (See last report of Comman- 
der Walker, herewith sent and marked E.) 

With great respect, I am, sir, your obedient servant, 

M. C. PERRY, 
Commander-in-Chief U. S. naval forces , 

East India-i China, and Japan seas. 

Hon. James C. Bobbin, Secretary of the Navy, 
Ex. Doc. 34 6 



82 CORRESPONDENCE RELATIVE TO THE 

A. 

Shanghai, November 12, 1853. 

Sir : The approved manner in which the government of the United 
States received the communication of the object of the expedition in- 
trusted to me, and the orders of my government to be on the most 
friendly terms with your excellency and the officers of the American 
squadron cruising in these seas, emboldens me to trouble you with a 
request. 

Not being able to procure coals at Shanghai, and being pressed for 
time, I would be grateful to your excellency if a supply of eighty tons 
of coals from the stores of the United States at this port could be spared 
lor our use. 

It would give me great pleasure to have the honor of your personal 
acquaintance, and I trust when we meet we shall, by mutual co-ope- 
ration, attain more easily the end that both our governments have in 
common. 

With great consideration and respect, I have the honor to be your 
excellency's most obedient servant, 

PONTIATINE. 



SUPERINTENDENCY OF TrADE, 

Hong Kojig, December 22, 1853. 

Sir : With reference to my interview with your excellency, respect- 
ing your visit to the Bonin islands, and to your proposal that I should 
address you officially on this subject, I have now the honor to enclose, 
for your information, copy of a letter and its enclosures from a Mr. 
Simpson, wherein it is stated that you have purchased ground from a 
resident there for a coal depot, for the use of the government of the 
United States of America. 

After our conversation yesterday your excellency will, I am sure, 
clearly understand that it is not my desire nor intention to dispute your 
right, or that of any other person, to purchase land on the Bonin islands ; 
but as it is generally understood that this group was some time ago 
taken possession of in the name of the government of Great Britain, I 
think it desirable to acquaint your excellency therewith, in an official 
form, that you may, should you see fit, favor me with an explanation 
of the circumstances referred to by Mr. Simpson. 

I have the honor to be, sir, your excellency's most obedient hum- 
ble servant, 

J. G. BONHAM. 

His Excellency Commodore Perry, C/. S, avy, nSfc, 

£7. S. Steamship Susquehanna, 



Beaulby, Invernesshire, 

October 1, 1853. 

My Lord : I observe it stated in the public prints that the officer 
commanding the United States Japan expedition had touched at the 
Bonin group — that he had made purchase from a resident there of land 
for a government coal depot. 



NAVAL EXPEDITION TO JAPAN. 83 

Permit me to call your lordship's attention to the fact that this group 
of islands, so advantageously situated for opening up intercourse with 
Japan, really appertains to Great Britain. 

Having had some connexion with it while acting temporarily for her 
majesty's government in the South seas, its importance was impressed 
upon my mind ; and I respectfully bring under your lordship's notice 
the particulars which will be found narrated in the enclosure herewith. 

I have, &c., 

ALEX. SIMPSON. 
True copy : 

H. N. LAY. 
Lord Clarendon, ^c, ^c, ^c. 



Extract from a pamphlet published by the writer in 1843. 

THE BONIN ISLANDS. 

" WoAHoo, Sandwich Islands, 

''December 27, 1842. 

" This small but interesting, and, from its situation, valuable group 
of islands lies in latitude 27^ north, longitude 146^ east, within five 
hundred miles distance from the city of Jedo, in Japan. 

" It appertains to Great Britain, having been discovered by an Eng- 
lish whaling vessel, in 1825, and formally taken possession of by Cap- 
tain Beechey, of her majesty's ship 'Blossom,' in 1827. There were no 
aboriginal inhabitants found on the islands, nor any trace thfil such had 
ever ex sted. 

" Their aggregate extent does not exceed two hundred and fifty 
square miles ; but their geographical position — so near to Japan, that 
mysterious empire of which the trade will one day be of immense 
value — -gives them a peculiar importance and interest. The climate is 
excellent, the soil rich and productive, and there is an admirable harbor, 
well fitted for the port of a commercial city. 

" The first colonists of this eastern group were two men of the names 
of Millichamp and Mazarro, who, having expressed to Mr. Charlton, the 
British consul at the Sandwich Islands, their wish to settle on some un- 
inhabited island in the Pacific ocean, were by him recommended to go 
to this group, of the discovery and taking possession of which he bad 
been recently informed. They sailed accordingly, in 1830, took with 
them some Sandwicli island natives as laborers, some live stock and 
seeds ; and landing at port Lloyd, hoisted an English flag which had 
been given to them by Mr. Charlton. 

" The little settlement has been visited by several whaling vessels 
since that period, and also by a vessel from the British China squadron. 
Mr. Millichamp returned to England, and Mr. Mazarro, anxious to get ad- 
ditional settlers or laborers to join the infant colony, the whole popula- 
tion of which only numbers about twenty, came to the Sandwich Islands, 
in the autumn of 1842, in an English whaling vessel. He described the 
little settlement as flourishing, stated that he had hogs and goats in 
abundance and a few cattle ; that he grew Indian corn, and many 
vegetables, and had all kinds of tropical fruits ; that, in fact, he could 
supply fresh provisions and vegetables to forty vessels annually. 

" Mr. Mazarro, who, m virtue of his first arrival, receives the appel^ 



84 CORRESPONDENCE RELATIVE TO THE 

lation of governor, finds the task of governing even this little colony no 
easy matter. He applied to me for assistance in this task, and thank- 
fully received the following document, which I drew up for his assist- 
ance and moral support. 

" 'I hereby certify that Mr. Matthew Mazarro was one of the original 
leaders of the expedition fitted up from this port, under the protection 
of Richard Charlton, esq., her majesty's consul, to colonize the Benin 
islands ; and I would intimate to the masters of all whaling vessels 
touching at that group, that the said Mazzaro is a sober and discreet 
man, and recommend them to support him by all means in their power 
against the troubles of the peace of that distant settlement, recommend- 
ing, also, to the settlers to receive Mr. Mazarro as their head, until some 
officer directly appointed by her Britannic majesty is placed over them.' 

"ALEX. SIMPSON, 
"i?. B, M. Acting Consul for the Sandwich Islands, 

" God save the queen. 

"A small body of enterprising emigrants would find this group a 
most admirable place for settlement. Its colonization, indeed, I con- 
sider to be a national object." 

True copy : H. N. LAY. 

United States Steam Frigate Susquehanna, 

Hong Kong, December 23, 1853. 

Sir : Referring to the conversation which I yesterday had the honor 
of holding with your excellency, as also to your written communication, 
with accompanying papers, this moment received, I beg to remark that 
the account given by Mr. Simpson is far from being correct. 

That gentleman has omitted to name all the white persons who em- 
barked in the enterprise to form a settlement upon Peel island. The 
names and places ol birth of these men may be enumerated as follows : 

Mateo Mazarro, the leader, a native of Genoa; Nathaniel Savory, born 
in Massachusetts, United States ; Alden B. Chapin, also a native of 
Massachusetts ; John Millechamp, a British subject ; and Charles John- 
son, a Dane. 

These five men, accompanied by about twenty-five or thirty natives 
of the Sandwich Islands, male and female, landed at Port Lloyd in the 
summer of 1830. Of the whites, Nathaniel Savory is the only one re- 
maining on the island. Mazarro, Chapin, and Johnson, are dead, as I 
am informed; and Millechamp is now residing at Guam, one of the 
Ladrone group. 

It would, therefore, appear, that so far as the nationality of the settlers 
could apply to the question of sovereignty, the Americans were as two 
to one, compared with the three others, who were subjects of different 
sovereigns. 

Since the first occupation of the island, the early settlers have been 
occasionally joined by white persons landing from whaling ships, some 
few of whom have remained ; and, at the time of my visit thtjre were, 
I think, about eight whites in the settlement. 

These people, after my departure, met together and established a 
form of municipal government, electing Nathaniel Savory their chief 
magistrate, and James Mottley and Thomas H. Webb councilmen 



NAVAL EXPEDITION TO JAPAN, 85 

With respect to any claim of sovereignty that may be founded upon 
the right of previous discovery, there is abundant evidence to prove 
that these islands were known to navigators as early as the middle of 
the sixteenth century, and were visited by the Japanese in 1675, who 
gave them the name of "Bune Sima." — (See enclosed extracts.) 

In 1823, three years before the visit of Captain Beechey, in H. M. 
ship " Blossom," the group was visited by a Captain Coffin, in the 
American whaling ship " Transit." * 

Thus it is plainly shown that the government of her Britannic 
majesty cannot claim the sovereignty upon the ground of discovery, 
and it only remains to determine how far this right may be derived 
from the ceremony performed by Captain Beechey. 

But these are matters only to be discussed by our respective govern- 
ments, and I refer to them now merely in explanation of our conversa- 
tion of yesterday. 

With respect to my purchase of a piece of ground from Nathaniel 
Savory, though conceiving myself in no way bound to explain such ar- 
rangement, I do not hesitate, in all due courtesy, to say, that the trans- 
action was one of a strictly private character. 

In acquiring the fee of the land, I had not the slightest idea of per- 
sonal profit, but made the purchase for a legitimate object, and to 
withhold the only suitable position in the harbor for a coal depot from 
the venality of unprincipled speculators, who might otherwise have 
gained possession of it for purposes of extortion. 

And now let me assure your excellency, that the course pursued by 
me has been influenced solely by a settled conviction of the necessity 
of securing ports of refuge and supplies in the north Pacific for our 
whaling ships, and a line of mail steamers, which sooner or later must 
be established between California and China. 

I have no special instructions from my government upon the subject, 
and am yet to learn whether my acts will be approved. 

The recognized sovereignty of these islands would only entail an 
expense upon the power undertaking their occupancy and protection, 
and whether they may ultimate^ fall under the American, the English, 
or a local flag, would be a question of little importance, so long as their 
ports were open to the hospitable reception of all nations seeking shel- 
ter and refreshment. 

And I may venture further to remark, that it would seem to be the 
policy, as well of England as the United States, to aid in every possible 
way in the accomplishment of an arrangement that would fill up the 
remaining link of the great mail-route of the world, and thus furnish 
the means of establishing a semi-monthly communication around the 
entire globe. 

With great respect, I have the honor to be, your most obedient servant, 

M. C. PERRY, 
Commander-in- Chief United States naval forces 

East India, China, and Japan seas. 

His Excellency Sir I. George Bonham, Bart., 

H, B. M. Chief Superintendent of Trade, Hong Kong. 

*I have ascertained the name of this vessel from a Captain Morris, commanding an Ameri- 
can whaling ship now in this port. 



86 CORRESPONDENCE RELATIVE TO THE 

Extracts from the Journal of Commodore Perry. 

P. F. Von Siebold, in his " History of Discoveries in the Japan 
Seas," pubhshed in 1852, in Europe and in America, says that the 
Bonin islands are first mentioned in a map pubhshed by the Dutch 
hydrographer Ortehus, in 1570, and therein reported as first to have 
been seen in 1543 by Bernardo de Torres, who gave them the name 
of Maloabrigo los dos Hermanos. 

In 1595 these islands were visited by Captain Linchoten, of the Dutch 
East India Company. 

Hondius, Dutch hydrographer, notices the same in his map of 1634. 

In 1639 they were visited by Messrs. Quast & Tasman, who, ac- 
cording to KempfFer, were sent by the Dutch East India Company in 
search of an island described in the Japanese books as containing vast 
quantities of gold and silver. 

They have been subsequently mentioned as follows: In 1643, by 
Vries and Schaep ; in 1650, by J. Jansonius, Dutch ; and in 1680, by 
Van Keulen, Dutch. 

From this time up to 1734, no mention is made of them by European 
hydrographers ; in that year they were seen by the Spanish or Portu- 
guese Admiral Cabrero Bueno, who gave them the name of "Islas del 
Arzobispos." 

According to Von Siebold, the Japanese visited the group between 
the years 1592 and 1595, and they again visited and explored the 
islands in 1675. 

Extracts from Klojrroth. 

" About the year 1675 the Japanese visited a very large island, one 
of their barks having been forced there in a storm from the island 
Fatscio, from which they computed it to be 300 miles distant towards 
the east. They met with no inhabitants, but found it to be a very 
pleasant and fruitful country, well supplied with fresh water, and fur- 
nished with plenty of plants and trees, particularly the "arrack" tree, 
which, however, might give room to conjecture that the island lay 
rather to the south of Japan than to the east; these trees growing only 
in hot countries. They called it "Bune Sima," and because they 
found no inhabitants upon it, they marked it with the character of an 
uninhabited island. On the shores they found an incredible quantity of 
fish and crabs, some of which were from four to six feet long.* 

Extract from Klaproih''s translation of " Sa?i KoTcp Tson Ran To SetsJ*^ 

"The original name of these islands is "Ogasa-wara-Sima," but 
they are commonly called " Mow-nin-Sima," (in Chinese Wu-jin-ton,) 
or the islands without people, and this is the name which I have adopted 
in my work. That of "Ognsa-nara-Sima," or the "Ogasa-wara" 
islands, was given to them after the navigator who first visited them, 
and who prepared a map of them. In the same manner has the south- 
ern part of the New World been called "Megalania," (Magellan,) who 
discovered it some two hundred years since." 

M. C. PERRY. 

* Doubtless mistaking turtle for crabs, green turtle being found in great abundance upon 
the shores at night, in May and June. M. C. P. 



NAVAL EXPEDITION TO JAPAN. 87 

U. S. Ship Saratoga, 
Shanghai, December 17, 1853. 

Sir : The Lorcha, from Macao, bringing stores, &c., for this ship, 
arrived on the evening of the 15th instant. 

Nothing of importance has taken place in this vicinity since the date 
of my last communication. The attacks upon the city by the impe- 
rialists are now not so numerous as formerly. Attempts have been 
made by the besiegers to undermine the walls, which have thus far 
proved entirely unsuccessful. A few evenings since, the rebels made 
a sally from the north gate, and destroyed one of the mines, together 
with thirty or forty of the laborers. The final result of these futile at- 
tempts upon the city it is impossible to foretell with certainty. 

The Taipingwan, it is said, has gained an important advantage in the 
capture of the seaport of Pekin, situated at the northern termination 
of the Grand canal, and said to be not only the granary of the capital, 
but also the most strongly fortified city in the empire. Having com- 
plete command of all approach to Pekin from the seacoast and the 
southern provinces, his advances upon that city will thus be rendered 
much more easy and certain. 

I have written by every opportunity of which I have been informed. 
It has sometimes happened that the opium clippers, as they lie at 
Woosung, and are often dispatched at very short notice, have left for 
Hong Kong before I had ascertained they were going. But every op- 
portunity which presented itself seasonably I have taken advantage of 
to communicate with you. 

Lieutenant Wayne is slowly improving. The chronic cases of sick- 
ness among the crew remain about the same. 

I have the honor to be, sir, very respectfully, your obedient servant, 

W. S. WALKER, 

Commander^ 

Commodore M. C. Perry, 

Commander-in-chief U. S. naval forces, 

East India, China and Japan seas. 

P. S. — Lew, the rebel chief of Shanghai, as I have just learned 
from the consul, has avow^ed his intention of stopping all teas coming 
down the river for the house of Russel & Co. 

W. S. WALKER. 



Commodore Perry to the Secretary of the Navy. 

[No. 31.] UiaTED States Steam Frigate Susquehanna, 

Ho?ig Kong, January 2, 1854. 

Sir : I am sorry to trouble the department with so much of my cor- 
respondence, but I conceive it to be due to myself to place on record 
the reasons which have controlled my official action in the various ques- 
tions of public expediency in which I have been called upon to take 
part, more especially with reference to China. 

The enclosed copy of a letter from the Hon. Humphrey Marshall, 
marked A, is of somewhat similar tenor to the one addressed to me at 



88 CORRESPONDENCE RELATIVE TO THE 

Shanghai on the 13th of May last, at the moment of my former depar- 
ture for Japan, requesting me to co-operate with him in an attempt to 
visit Pekin; and now that I expect to sail in a few days again for the 
same destination, and have actually dispatched several vessels of the 
squadron for the appointed place of rendezvous, I am called upon to 
derange all my plans for an object the utility of which I cannot com- 
prehend, as will be seen by a reference to my reply, marked B, to the 
last dispatch of Mr. Marshall. 

The opinions therein expressed as to our policy respecting China are 
precisely similar to those communicated to the department in all my 
former dispatches, and I am happy in knowing that these opinions are 
in general accordance with those of the American merchants, resident 
in China. 

I had within a few days placed the Mississippi at the disposal of Mr. 
Marshall, to land him at Canton in the most distinguished manner, and 
had received from him a letter, dated the 24th December, expressing 
his gratification at the manner in which Commander Lee had performed 
that service, (copy enclosed, marked C.) I, therefore, could not but 
be surprised that only tv/o days after he should have made his commu- 
nication of the 26th, (A.) 

With great respect, I am, sir, your most obedient servant, 

M. C. PERRY, 
Commander-in-chief United States naval forces 

East India, China y and Japan seas^ 

The Hon. James C. Dobbin, 

Secretary of the Navy, Washington', D. C 



A. 

* 

[Confidential.] 

Canton, December 26, 1853. 

Monday morning, 6 a. m> 

My Dear Sir : Thus far his excellency, the imperial commissioner,, 
has given no sign of a consciousness that I am in Canton, although 
this day will complete one week since he heard the guns of the" " Mis- 
sissippi" salute me at Whampoa. On the day of my arrival, or the 
day alter, (Wednesday) the 21st, the letter which I addressed to him 
on*^the 11th of December, from Macao, reached him. I shall write 
him again this morning, specifying the 28th as the last day for which I 
shall await a reply; and in default of its coming, I shall have a letter 
of instruction prepared immediately to the vice consul of the United 
States at Shanghai, authorizing him to suspend altogether the payment 
of duties to the Chinese imperial government at the port of Shanghai, 
which letter I design to dispatch per the steamer of the 29th instant, 
unless you can let me have a government steamer It will be, in my 
opinion, very essential that our naval force shall be increased at Shang- 



NAVAL EXPEDITION TO JAPAN. 89 

hai when this order takes effect, for the Chinese imperial government 
has a considerable fleet in the river in front of Shanghai, and a large 
army on the shore ; and in the desperation to which such an order may 
reduce the imperial officers at Shanghai, I cannot foretell the kind of 
remedy they may attempt to apply to the case, but most probably it 
will be one of force. It is my purpose to adhere to the position I have 
taken at every hazard, as it is htit the exposition of a treaty right. 

At the same time, I do not conceal from myself, or from you, the 
significant circumstance that I am the first to assume the position in 
direct correspondence with the chief officer of the empire in the man- 
agement of foreign affairs. He may, under the circumstances, seek to 
close the ports of China to American commerce, and I shall thus be 
forced to insist upon the rights of my country to trade according to the 
treaty, and I shall require your force temporarily, to preserve that right, 
at this port, probably, as well as at Shanghai. 

I expose to you these facts plainly, in order to invite your cordial co- 
operation to sustain me in the sequel, should difficulty arise from my 
distinct assertion of American rights in the manner I am pursuing. 

I want to be at Shanghai in person, and I wish to go up in a steamer. 
I think it is important to the pubhc interest, and I hope that a few 
days on the spot will make matters easy. While I am thus at Shang- 
hai, I wish you could be here. Though no difficulty may occur here, 
(and I see no immediate probability of it,) yet the fact that Teent-sin 
is now possibly in the hands of the insurgents, and that the next arrival 
from Shanghai may bring news of the fall of Pekin, and the flight of 
the emperor, increases the probability of an emeute at Canton, if one 
will ever occur. His excellency may also attempt some step towards 
our people here, growing out of my stopping duties, which would be 
possibly avoided by a knowledge that you were near with a force. 

It is my desire, when I reach Shanghai, (and my purpose,) to go to 
Nankin in the "Confucius." I should like to take with me a guard, 
and an officer or two of discretion and intelligence. I shall attempt to 
learn exactly the condition of the rebellion, and at least shall let my 
readiness to recognize a new government, as soon as such an act shall 
be proper, be known to "?Ae Christian emyeror.'^'' 

The British and French ministers have each been to Nankin, and I 
regret to learn from my letters from Shanghai last night, that an im- 
pression prevails in well informed quarters that those visits have not 
been attended with results propitious to American interests. It is high 
time that the United States shall also be heard from in propria persona. 
I intend to discharge that duty also without any further delay, for now 
the insurrection has progressed so far that I can see, at least, the wis- 
dom of preparing the way to meet a change. If promptness attends the 
desired movement, I shall be able, I hope, to relieve your force at 
Shanghai by the 10th or 15th of January, at the outside ; and so much 
of it as shall be at Shanghai will then be near Lew-Chew, to which 
place you propose to go. The steamer which takes me up to Shang- 
hai may possibly be required to return me to this place; but I shall dis- 
pense with her services there if I can, so as not to interfere with your 
other arrangements. 



W CX)IiIlESPONDENCE RELATIVE TO THE 

If you cannot let me have the steamer, please advise me of that fact 
by the return vessel, as I shall then go up in the next steamer, and will 
do the best I can with such force as I can gather at Shanghai to attend 
me. I must execute the duty before me somehow or other ; but I pre- 
fer your hearty co-operation and earnestly hope to have it. 

If you can let me have the steamer, 3^ou know I have little time 
to spare, and I shall be ready to embark for Shanghai by the 1st. It 
mio-ht be well for you to let me have a distinct order detailing the offi- 
cers and guard who are to accompany me to Nankin. It will rest 
with you. Please to let me hear from you. No person knows of my 
designs but yourself 

I am yours, &c., &c., &c., 

H. MARSHALL. 

Commodore M. C. Perry, 

Commander-in-chief United States naval forces 

China and Japan seas* 



B. 

U. S. Steam Frigate Susquehana, 

Hong Kong, December 29, 1854. 

Sir : I was not a little surprised at the perusal of yotir letter, marked 
confidential, and bearing date the 26th instant. 

Learning from Commander Lee that you had taken and furnished a 
house at Canton only a week since, I was fully impressed with the 
belief that you had determined on continuing your residence at that 
place for some length of time, and that every step had been taken by 
me to meet the exigencies of the present and anticipated state of things 
with reference to the protection of the life and property of Americans | 
resident in China, so far as it could be done consistently with the spe- 
cial mission upon which I am again about to depart. . n 

Whatever may have been my opinion as to the course of procedure t 
respecting the collection of the imperial duties at Shanghai, I have 
hitherto carefully abstained from referring officially to the subject as in 
no way concerning my duties ; but now that it is suggested by you 
that new measures which you propose to adopt may call for the mter- f 
vention of a larger naval force than has been assigned for the coast of ' 
China pending my second visit to Japan, I feel boUnd to inform you 
that I shall not have it in my power to detail such additional force, and [ 
for the obvious reason that my plans for the ensuing season are all per- ' 
fected, and their execution commenced ; that several of the vessels of 
the squadron have akeady sailed for the appointed place of rendez- 
vous ; that I am only waiting the re-equipment of the storeship Lex- 
ington to follow with the steamers, and that the diversion of any part 
of my force would seriously affect my entire designs. 

With the diplomatic relations of the United States with China I have 
nothing to do, such matters belonging exclusively to yourself, but I 
must be the judge of the necessity of using the force at my disposal in 



NAVAL EXPEDITION TO JAPAN 91 

intermeddling in a civil war between a despotic government struggling 
for its very existence, and without the power of enforcing its own laws 
or of sustaining its treaty engagements, and an organized revolutionary 
army gallantly fighting for a more liberal and enlightened religious and 
political position, and hence my undeviating policy, whatever have 
been my sympathies for the revolutionists, of practicing myself, and 
enjoining upon all under my command, a studied regard to neutrality 
and non-interference. 

In my opinion, a demonstration at this moment to coerce or even 
urge the imperial authorities to any political measure touching the in- 
terest of the United States would be of no avail, inasmuch as the events 
of a week may bring about the overthrow of the reigning dynasty, and 
render nugatory the acts of its officials, and that a rude refusal on the 
part of those officials to meet your demands would probably lead tjo 
results involving serious consequences to our American trade. 

At the present juncture neither of the contending parties are in a 
condition to negotiate with foreign powers, and it is evident that some 
time will elapse before the final issue of the war will be known, mean- 
while I am clearly of opinion that it is the better policy to wait quietly 
the progress of events, especially as I have heard of no complaints 
from Americans of violence or injustice from the Chinese of either side. 

I have not the remotest intention of obtruding upon you, as it would 
be entirely gratuitous in me to do so, my opinion with respect to the 
political condition of China ; my only motive in presenting the fore- 
going observations is to exhibit in another view the reasons that would 
influence me in declining to co-operate with you in the manner pro- 
posed, even if otner considerations already alluded to did not make 
such course imperative. 

Judging from the results of past experience I am inclined to think that 
the presence of a sloop-of-war at Shanghai will afford ample protection 
to American interests in that quarter — my latest information from 
Commander Walker and others giving no intimation of any anticipated 
danger ; and, with respect to Canton, arrangements have been made 
entirely satisfactory to our fellow countrymen resident in that city. 

Should you, as you propose, charter the Confucius to proceed tD 
Nankin, Commander Kelly will have instructions to furnish from his 
ship, upon your application, such an escort as he may consider himself 
justified in temporarily detaching on such service. 

In closing this communication I cannot but express my regret that 
obligations of duty should have placed me in a position to differ upon 
any question of public expediency with a functionary holding the dis- 
tinguished station intrusted to your charge. 

With great respect, I am, sir, your obedient servant, 

M. C. PERRY, 
Commander- in-chief f7. S. naval forces 
East India, China, and Japan seas, 

P. S. As it is my practice to transmit copies of my official corres- 
pondence to the Navy Department, whether confidential or otherwise, 
I have enclosed a copy of your letter, marking it confidential, as also a 
copy of this communication. 



92 CORRESPONDENCE RELATIVE TO THE 



c. I 

Legation U. S. of America, 

Canton, December 24, 1853. 

Sir: I avail myself of the return of the Mississippi to Hong Kong | 

to-day to acknowledge your promptness in placing that vessel in re- j 

quisition on Monday last, to convey me to my residence in this city. i 

I left Macao on Sunday night per the frigate, and arrived at Wham- ! 

poa on Monday evening. On Tuesday, at the turn of the tide, I left j 
the frigate, accompanied by Commander Lee and several of his o^ 

ficers, in the boats of the vessel, and arrived at Canton about 5 p. m. j 

of the same day. ^ ^ I 

The honors due to my official character were paid by the Missis- j 

sippi. . , . ) 

I am personally obliged to all the officers of the Mississippi for their : 
kind attention during the voyage from Macao, and especially for their 

very considerate and polite demeanor since my arrival at Canton, f 

I have been most favorably impressed by their evident desire to con- i 

tribute by every means in their power to attract the attention of the \ 

Chinese to the high position to which I have been assigned by the j 

government of the United States, exhibiting by their own example the j 

respectful consideration for my official character, which that govern- i 

ment will require from others. I cannot but express my conviction f 

that such harmony of action between the civil and naval representa- \ 

lives of the United States must produce a good effect upon all foreigners., \ 

whether of the Chinese race or of European origin, and I am ready to ! 

acknowledge the great satisfaction I experience, that an opportunity has \ 
been embraced on this occasion to make such an exhibition of a proper 

understanding between the different branches of the service. I am j 
especially desirous, sir, to testify to you my proper appreciation of your 
own prompt response to my wish to be conveyed hither in a public 

vessel. , ■ 

I have not yet received any sort of communication from the mipe- j 

rial commissioner, or any other officer of government, since my arrival i 

in Canton, nor any signification of their knowledge that I am in the ^ 

city. . [j 

The official communication I prepared at Macao on the 11th instant { 

only was forwarded after my arrival on Tuesday; and I thought, under | 

the circumstances, it would be well for the Mississippi to await the i 

limit prescribed for her stay by your suggestion of a desire for her ser- [ 

vices elsewhere. ■ j 

I have, however, not desired Commander Lee to remain beyond to- j 

day, as I now feel an assurance that should an occasion arise requiring ^ 

the presence of a pubhc vessel to assist my representative action at ^ 

Canton, your compliance with my desire for such assistance may be [^ 

anticipated, and I shall call for it accordingly. ^ 

Verv respectfully, your obedient servant, ^ 

^ ^ H. MARSHALL, r 



Commodore M. C. Perry, 

Commander-in-chief, &fc., &fc,, &fc. 



NAVAL EXPEDITION TO JAPAN. 93 

Commodore Perry to the Secretary of the Navy. 

[No. 33.] U. S. Steam FRiaATE Susquehanna, 

Hong Kong, January 9, 1854. 

i Sir : Since writing my letter of the 2d instant I have received a long 
I communication from Mr. Marshall, of which, in common fairness to 
' that functionary, I transmit a copy. 
I The department can readily conceive of the embarrassment in which 

the demands of this gentleman have placed me. 

At the very moment of final arrangements for my departure upon 

service especially assigned me, (several of the vessels have already 

I left, and I hope to sail for Lew-Chew and Japan myself in three days,) 

I I am a second time, and within the space of a week, earnestly called 
] upon to divert one of the steamers from her destination to carry Mr. 
i| Marshall to Shanghai, (from which place he has but recently arrived,) 
^ and there to wait a few days, during which time no possible good 
I could be rendered ; and, besides, there is great risk in entering the 
^'^Yang-tse-Kang," especially in the winter season, with vessels of the 
I draught of the steamers of this squadron, as indeed I have already 
I demonstrated in a letter to the chief of the Bureau of Construction 
lajid Equipment, under date of the 15th of May. 

The following is an extract of that letter : 

*^In consideration of all these disadvantages and exceeding risk, I 
ihave countermanded the orders previously given to the vessels expected 
from the United States to touch here, and shall not venture to allow 
either of the large steamers again to ascend the river, unless in cases 
of extreme emergency. ' ' 

If, therefore, an accident were to happen to the vessel so employed, 
and she in consequence be unable to rejoin me, a very essential part 
of my force would be lost at an important moment ; and I may fur- 
ther remark that the sloop- of- war "Plymouth" sailed only eleven 
days since direct for Shanghai, to relieve the "Saratoga," prepara- 
tory to the return of the last named vessel to the United States, via 
Japan. Thus, the presence of the "Plymouth" at Shanghai will 
continue to render to the Americans there ample protection. 

Mr. Marshall had timely notice of the destination of the "Ply- 
imouth," in which he could have taken passage; and yesterday, four 
jdays after the date of his last communication, the British mail 
jsteamer, ("Lady Mary Wood,") the regular packet, and especially 
jfitted for the convenient accommodation of passengers, left also for 
;Shanghai ; in either of these vessels he could have been comfortably 
|and suitably accommodated. 

I It will be recollected that Mr. Marshall, on the 24th ultimo, took a 
'house at Canton, to which he was officially conducted by Commander 
jLee, of the Mississippi, under instructions from me, and I had good 
jreason to suppose that he intended to wait there the arrival of his 
isuccessor. On the 26th, two days after, he applied to me, as men- 
tioned in a former despatch, for one of the steamers to convey him to 
Shanghai; and on my declining to comply with his request for rea- 
sons set forth in the most respectful manner, he addressed me the 
|communication of the 4th instant, in which he freely comments upon 



§4 CORRESPONDENCE RELATIVE TO THE 

the reasons tlms assigned by me ; and, moreover, argues that the ar- 
rangement I had made at the suggestion and with the concurrence of 
the Americans at Canton for their protection was inadequate for the 
purpose, though satisfactory to those most interested. 

With respect to the motives of public expediency expressed in my 
letters to Mr. Marshall I have no concealment, and I do not hesitate 
to declare most unequivocally that I should have thought it my duty 
to decline co-operation with him in the manner he proposed, if other 
considerations did not make it imperative in me to do so ; and though 
it is certainly not my province to discuss questions of political policy 
touching the intercourse of the United States with China, and espe- 
cially to argue upon the subject with the accredited minister to that 
empire, yet it is my business to determine how far and in what way I 
am to use the vessels of my command in sustaining and carrying out 

his views. 

My own opinion is, and in this I am sustained by every intelligent 
American with whom I have conversed or had correspondence, ex- 
cepting Mr. Marshall, that this is not the time to open new issues or 
to prosecute any important object ; that in the condition in which 
the opposing parties now stand, neither is prepared to negotiate or to 
guaranty the integrity of any measure either might be constrained to 
accede to ; that the disturbance of the present state of things might, 
and probably would, lead to consequences seriously embarrassing, and 
committing the Commissioner who it is said may be daily expected to 
relieve Mr. Marshall; and hence my objections, irrespective of the 
considerations already mentioned, to a participation in any movement 
that would lead to such results. 

It is very certain that a squadron serving abroad must be under the 
exclusive direction of one person, who is held by his government 
responsible for its proper condition and discipline, for its supplies, 

&c.,&c. 

If the ships are placed at the disposal of diplomatic tunctionaries, 
tlie commanding: officer can have little control over them ; nor can he 
well make provision for their wants ; and especially would it be so with j 
respect to steamers, as, in the consumption of coal, no calculation ^ 
could be made at this remote distance from the sources of supply. 
Therefore if, as it has been reported, a steamer is to be sent to this 
station for the exclusive use of the Commissioner, extra and exclusive | 
provision should be made for supplying her with coals, as it is now a 
cause of great solicitude and calculation with me so to manage the 
movements of the steamers at present in the squadron to keep up a 
partial supply of fuel. 

But the department will perceive, by reference to my mstructions, 
that I am not called upon to interfere with the concerns of China ; 
and though from the necessity of resorting to its ports for supplies, | 
and the propriety of protecting, as far as I can, consistently with • 
other duties, the lives and property of American^ citizens resident in 
the country, has brought me in correspondence with the United States j 
Commissioner and the merchants; I am, in fact, acting without in-! 
structions, and uj^on my own responsibility ; and I can only remark 



NAVAL EXPEDITION TO JAPAN. 95 

that, in tlie execution of my duties, I have "been constantly influenced 
by a conscientious desire to do that which, in my judgment, would 
best contribute to the honor of the United States and the protection 
of American interests. 

It is not imj^robable that I may have erred in judgment ; if so^ I 
must abide the consequences. I should be unworthy of the trust re- 
posed in me if I were to waver a moment in the prosecution of objects 
of public duty, to which my experience, added to the most honest 
intentions, may prompt me. 

With great respect, I have the honor to be, your most obedient 
servant, 

M. C. PEKKY, 
Commander in Chief U. S. Navol Forces East India, 

China, and Japan Seas. 
Hon. James C. Dobbin, 

Secretary of the Navy, Washington, D. C. 



Cae^ton, January 4, 1854. 

Sir: Your reply, under date of the 29th ultimo, to my letter of the 
26th of December, has been received. 

In one paragraph of your communication, after conceding my right 
to manage the diplomatic relations between China and the United 
States, you add: 

"But I must be the judge of the necessity of using the force at my 
disposal in intermeddling in a civil war between a despotic govern- 
ment, struggling for its very existence, and without the power of 
enforcing its own laws, or of sustaining its treaty engagements, and 
an organized revolutionary army gallantly fighting for a more liberal 
and enlightened religious and political position," &c. 

The natural inference from this language is, that you are resisting 

a proposition made by me to employ a portion of the force under your 

command in intermeddling in the Chinese civil war ; and, moreover, 

I that I had desired you to engage it in the cause of the despotism you 

I denounce, and against the revolutionary army whose gallantry elicits 

I the warm expression of your admiration. 

I I call your attention to this view of the above paragraph, that yon 
I may appreciate the prejudicial effect against me its strong implica- 
j tions are calculated to produce. 

As my mind has not conceived the idea of employing any part of 
' the naval power of my country in a participation, to any extent what- 
j ever, in the contests of the Chinese, my pen has never traced a line 
I to you, or any other person in China, from which the inference of 
i such a desire on my part is deducible. Every act and expression of 
I mine have indicated my determination to maintain the most uncom- 
) promising neutrality ; and there is nothing I have said, done, or 
I written, to afford the slightest foundation for an opinion to the con- 
I trary. 

' In the sense which most persons would read your letter, it is cal- 
I eulated to do me great injustice, and would be understood to cast an 



96 CORRESPONDENCE RELATIVE TO THE 

impTitation upon my public conduct, wMcli I cannot permit to pass to 
the archives of the Navy Department without this accompaniment to 
repel the injury that would result otherwise. I shall not discuss the 
propriety of your refusal to furnish the steamer to carry me to 
Shanghai as requested. It is the province of the President of the 
United States to judge of the policy of sustaining the prerogative you 
have again and again exercised of declining co-operation with the 
naval force under your command when requested by the minister, 
basing your refusal, among other reasons, upon suggestions which 
amount to an assumption of the privilege of reviewing the public ac- 
tion and ]3olicy of the civil representative of the government. In the 
present instance, this pretension is advanced with extraordinar}^ bold- 
ness, since you inform me plainly that a want of coincidence in our 
opinions as to time and the object of my policy would be a sufficient 
reason to influence you in decling to co-operate in the manner pro- 
posed, even if other considerations did not make such course impera- 
tive. Such a power is, in my opinion, dangerous in example, unfor- 
tunate for the navy itself, and utterly ruinous of the efficiency of the 
civil department to which I am attached. As I have no power to re- 
duce this claim on your part to the proper limitation for its exercise, I 
can only unite with you most heartily in the expression of regret that, 
from the wide difference of opinion that exists between us as to the limits 
of our respective departments of official duty, I find myself restrained 
in the legitimate exercise of my functions and the energetic discharge 
of my public duty by your failure to co-operate with the naval force 
which, in this section of the world, is so essential to diplomatic success. 
Observing that the remarks of a political character contained in your 
letter are introduced only to exhibit the claim of naval prerogative 
to which I have alluded, the occasion does not demand any comment 
upon them. You are entirely correct in supposing that, in the forma- 
tion of my opinions upon political questions, and of the proper time 
and circumstances for the active exercise of my diplomatic function, 
I understand my right to be exclusively the judge of what may or 
may not be attempted. 

But apart from the political reasons you have advanced, (and which 
would render my residence in China useless to my government,) you 
present, as the chief objection to acceding to my request, that the exe- 
cution of your plans for the ensuing season has commenced, and the 
diversion of any part of your force would seriously affect your entire 
designs. As you place yourself in the ]30sition of a commander already 
in the very act of executing one important naval movement, when the 
first intimation is given of ^^ new measures," that might possibly 
require a diversion of a portion of his force, I shall recur for a moment 
to the facts of this case to elucidate the nature of the service chiefly 
required at your hands, and the circumstances which induced me to 
make the call upon you. This recitation will at the same time serve 
to prove that the ^' new measures" cannot be delayed upon any con- 
siderations connected with the condition of the expedition to Japan. 
I returned from Shanghai to Macao early in November. The various 
positions taken by western powers, in regard to the payment of duties 
at the Shanghai custom-house, rendered it very desirable that I should 



NAVAL EXPEDITION TO JAPAN. 97 

have a distinct understanding of the course which the Chinese gov- 
ernment designed to take on the subject. The report of the facts in 
the case of the Austrian barque '' Kohert" arrived shortly after I 
came to Macao, and on the 23d of November I addressed the Chinese 
imperial commissioner requesting a personal interview, that we might 
converse upon the matter of the duties at Shanghai. On the 8th of 
December he excused himself from the meeting at the particular mo- 
ment , on the plea of a pressure of business, but promised to appoint 
a day when he could find leisure. 

On the 11th of December I addressed him, dispensing with the inter- 
view, entering at large into the question of duties, and advising him 
of the impropriety of delay in solving the difiiculty in which American 
commerce was involved by the injurious discrimination against it 
made by the manner in which the customs are now administered at 
Shanghai. To this letter I demanded an early reply. In a few days 
I told you of the position of affairs, and suggested that, as it was my 
wish to await at Canton my despatches from the Department of State, 
it might expedite the movements of the Commissioner for China should 
I repair to this city in one of the war steamers immediately, and that 
such a movement was at this juncture desirable, in order to exhibit 
apparent good understanding between the minister and the naval 
power of the United States. You promptly placed the frigate Missis- 
sippi at my disposal (for a week) to accomplish the purpose indicated. 
I came to Canton on the 21st December, and relieved the Mississippi on 
the 24th. I waited until the 26th without an answer from his excel- 
lency, and then 1 advised him of my determination to instruct the 
vice-consul of the United States at Shanghai by the steamer of the 
29th. Thus the steps have been taken which brought me to the ne- 
cessity of action ; and as the position I meant to take in relation to 
the duties was one which would place the shipping of the United 
States on the footing of the most favored nation, I could not overlook 
the possibility, or even the probability, of resistance to my action by 
the Chinese authorities at Shanghai, where both a fleet and army are 
collected. It became my duty to advise you of the state of affairs, and 
I wrote you accordingly. I suggested the desire I entertained to be 
present at Shanghai, in order to afford counsel and direction to the vice- 
consul through the varying phases which each circumstance might give 
to affairs, and I asked for a steamer in order that I might have despatch ; 
and that by her presence at Shanghai at the moment when the position 
should be assumed which I determined to adopt, the probability of 
avoiding a collision luith the Chinese might be increased, or that efficient 
means might be on the spot for the protection of the rights of Ameri- 
can citizens. The demonstration I have proposed is to protect what 
already belongs to us under a treaty, and to assert a clear right of 
American commerce and American citizens, so as to remove an inju- 
rious discrimination which is made against them by the present basis, 
upon which the Chinese customs at Shanghai are collected. This is 
the whole affair, so far as the co-operation of the naval force is re- 
quired. I have heretofore read to you my instructions from the De- 
partment of State, commanding the exercise of vigilance and activity 
on my part, to protect the rights, lives, and property of American cit- 
Ex. Doc. 34 1 



98 CORRESPONDENCE RELATIVE TO THE 

izens in China ; and I slionld have neglected my duty, inexcusably, 
liad I omitted to afford you the necessary information and an 023por- 
tiinity to place the naval force in a position to render assistance to our 
countrymen in the event of a necessity for its presence either at Shang- 
hai or elsewhere. 

We want no negotiation to secure the right it is my duty to assert. 
I hope we shall not require any ' ' extensive demonstration ' ' either as 
to the amount of force or the length of time ; but it is my of&cial 
duty to employ all the necessary means that I can command, not only 
to protect the right, but to secure its full enjoyment to our citizens. 
I am at a loss to imagine how you could have confounded my asser- 
tion of the right of an American ship to leave a Chinese port without 
a port clearance, with any question affording room for the display of 
your detestation of the desjDotism of China, and the admiration you 
have for the rebels. I assure you that the only question to Avhich 
your attention is called, and which can possibly interfere with any 
movements 3"0U may desire to make elsewhere, is connected with the 
rights of American commerce under the existing treaty, and the only 
Chinese who would interfere to prevent the full enjoyment of the 
right I assert for that commerce are the Mandarins, the officers of 
that very despotic government which, unable to sustain its own treaty 
engagements, would, in the supposed case, be struggling to oppress 
the commerce of the United States, and might insult the dignity of 
their national ensign, and outrage the rights of their citizens. I act 
upon the especial instructions from the government which j)ledges to 
me that the naval force in this vicinity shall be devoted to this import- 
ant object. I exercised only a customary precaution in giving you 
timely information of the facts, and in requesting your co-o]3eration. 
I think that my letter evinced my anxiety not to embarrass your 
arrangements for the Japan expedition, nor can I conceive how the 
diversion of a s.teamer to Shanghai, until the 10th or loth of January, 
could possibly produce such a consequence. "• 

The three steamers are now in Hong Kong; and should one go with 
me to Shanghai, the voyage thence to Lew-Chew islands might at any 
prescribed time be made in two or three days, or she might join you 
when your voyage to Japan shall have been actually commenced. 

I have limited the time, in my note to you, at which I thought I 
could dispense with the steamer at Shanghai; and I doubt, exceed- 
ingly, although your plans for the season may have been formed, 
whether your squadron Avill rendezvous at Lew-Chew by the time lim- 
ited in the requisition I submitted. It is proper to observe that, as 
already stated in my former letter, the step I take cannot be delayed. 
I dissent entirely from the idea that it is better to await the progress of 
events in China before asserting the rights of American citizens in this 
country, lest I meet a rude refusal of my demands, which may disturb our 
American trade. I shall demand only the rights of my countrymen, 
and these I shall demand although tliere might not be a ship-of-war 
belonging to my countr}^ on this side of the globe. I shall seek the 
protection of those rights by the instrumentalities which Congress has 
provided for that purpose ; and when these may not be had, I shall 
assert the right, and leave its vindication to the future action of the 



I 



NAVAL EXPEDITION TO JAPAN. 99 

Executive. I should justly incur the censure of the President of the 
United States were I to pretermit the assertion of the right of Ameri- 
can shipping to an equality with that of the most favored nation at 
the earliest moment when any unjust discrimination can he removed. I 
regret your failure to co-operate with me in affording the means to 
avoid prohahle difficulty (as I am perfectly satisfied that your prompt 
compliance with my request would have done) at the moment of first 
exercising this right; nevertheless it lias already been asserted, and ivill 
he repeated and maintained. In the further performance of my offi- 
cial duty, I have now to advise you that the imperial commissioner 
answered my letter on the 28th of Decemher. He promised merely 
to write instantly to Kiangnan, and to direct the Tautai, hy one law, 
to make investigations and to manage properly, and not in the least 
degree to suffer any irregularity. He adds, ^^that thus the evil of 
unjust discrimination it will he practicahle to avoid." He declined 
to take any other step. To these general ties I replied, on the 31st of 
December, that if, hereafter, the flag of any other nation entered or 
cleared the port of Shanghai without the payment of duties, or 
making payments only in obligations, the redemption of which was 
dependent on the decision of another power than China, the ships of 
the United States would leave the port without any requistion for a 
port clearance, and no duties would be coerced from the citizens of the 
United States during the prevalence of the custom. As I have no idea 
the British authorities will alter the mode they have adopted, I can 
only regard the question for Chinese solution to be simply whether 
the Chinese authorities will submit to the departure of American ships 
upon the terms I have stated, or will resist it. 

That must be decided by a few examples in practice, and a few days 
will solve the whole problem. In my opinion, the favorable solution 
of it would be m^erially assisted by the presence of a war-steamer at 
Shanghai at the moment when the practice under the rule shall com- 
mence, g,nd by my own personal presence to supervise ^'the pro- 
cedure" which takes place at the time. Once fairly under v.-^ay, 
there would be no requisition to delay any part of the squadron further ; 
but should resistance take place, and injury to life or property be the 
consequence, I should deeply regret the decision you have made to 
decline co-operation. The first paragraphs of your letter demand 
only a passing comment. iSTeither of the inferences you have made 
from my occupation of a residence at Canton are logically dedu- 
cible from the premises. Though this city had been selected for my 
permanent official residence, (which it is not,) it is not difficult to see 
that emergencies might suddenly arise to require my presence, tem- 
poraril}^, elsewhere, which I have a desire, but no means, to r^eet, 
unless I can obtain a naval steamer. The mere fact of my fui-nishing 
my apartments, proves no more than my wish to have a decent abode. 
As to your second inference from the same premises, I should have 
preferred to mainain the silence I have heretofore preserved on the 
subject of the provision made for the defence of Americans at Can- 
ton, in the event any difficulty here. But as your letter raises an 
inference from my silence and my occupation of a residence here, I say 
to you, reluctantly, that I do not concur in the opinion tliat a proper 



100 CORRESPONDENCE RELATIVE TO THE 

provision "has Leen made for tlie defence of American rights and prop- 
erty at Canton during yonr absence, altliougli I know that the means 
adopted met with the written approbation of the American merchants 
at Canton. What are the means? A British steamer of one hundred 
and fifty tons, manned br twenty sailors and ten Chinese, and carrying 
an armament of four guns of four-j)Ound calibre each. In the event 
of a disturbance, the ^' Queen" may suffice to transport the women 
and children of American citizens from the city, provided thev reach 
her decks without molestation ; but to defend the lives or property of 
American citizens here in the presence of an invading mob or a band 
of robbers, the provision made is not equal to any exigency what- 
ever. 

It is impossible, however, for me or any other person to anticipate 
what may occur in Canton to require the active intervention of a na- 
val force; and tlferefore I have preferred to be silent under the cir- 
cumstances, rather than to dissent from arrangements which you had 
already made; nor should I have ventured the above observations ex- 
cept to exclude a conclusion you seem to have adopted from my silence 
heretofore on the subject. I apprehend, from the tenor of your ob- 
servations, that your disinclination to my visiting ]N"anking may have 
produced or have affected your decision to decline co-operating with 
me: although, considering your admiration of the revolutionary army, 
I might be free to presume that you would have hailed my determina- 
tion to gain more exact information of the prospects of the war^ and 
of the effect its results would probably have on American interests, 
with sincere pleasure. The desire to gain information in relation to 
this country, in which my own has so large and increasing an inter- 
est, is becoming my official position; but it could neither induce me to 
pretermit a single public duty, nor betray me into ^ny act or position 
that could by posssibility affect the neutrality of the United States. 
I do not consider that my ascent of the Yantze to Nanking, where the 
war-steamers of Great Britain and France have been with the pleni- 
potentiaries of those powers on board, and whence they have returned 
without eliciting a comment from the imperial government or an ob- 
jection from its officers, could be regarded as a committal of the flag 
of the United States. My letter discloses other reasons, connected 
with American interests, which render such an excursion very desi- 
rable at this time. The visit to Nanking was mentioned, however^ as 
quite apart from the main object of my proposed visit to Shanghai, 
and not as necessarily requiring any co-operation by the naval force, 
though a desire for a guard was expressed, should it be attempted 
under favoring circumstances durin<>: the stay of the steamer in the 
port of Shanghai. 

But suppose that enterprise to be left to me alone^ without the co- 
operation of the navy or any of its members, and still the main in- 
ducement remains to require the call I have made for the use of the 
steamer to carry me to Shanghai, and to afford, by my temporary 
presence, assistance and support to measures deeply affecting Ame- 
rican commerce, and which may have an important bearing on the 
basis of our future relations witli China. 

In closing this communication, which my wish to be clearly under- 



NAVAL EXPEDITION TO JAPAN. 101 

stood has made longer than was desirable, I assure you, sir, that I 
should regret much to derange any of your plans for the ensuing 
season, or to make any diversion of your naval command from the 
service to which the same may have been assigned. But with no force 
on this coast but the sloop-of-war at Shanghai and the little Queen in 
this river, I hope the counsels of prudence among the Chinese may 
relieve us from cause to regret the absence of the squadron usually 
assigned to this station. My object has been, however, and is, to 
perform my duty in the office I hold, not to interfere with your 
arrangements for the prosecution of the Japanese expedition. I have 
placed the requisitions of this office plainly before you, and I think 
yet it would be well to reconsider your determination, as I learn there 
is great uncertainty whether even a British merchant steamer will 
go shortly to Shanghai, and it is very important, in my opinion, that 
my instructions relating to American shipping should reach the vice- 
consul Cunningham without delay. 

Should you adhere, however, to your expressed determination, I 
have no recourse but to submit to a result I cannot control, leaving 
the responsibility for your official action to the judgment of the Pre- 
sident of the United States, having discharged my own duty. 
I am, sir, respectfully, your obedient servant, 

HUMPHKEY MAKSHALL. 

Commodore M. C. Perry, 

Commander-in-chief of the Naval Forces of the 

United States in the Seas of China, Japan, &c. 



Comm,odore Perry to the Secretary of the Navy. 

[No. 34.] U. S. Steam Frigate Susquehanna, 

Hong Kong, January 9, 1854. 

Sir : It is with great satisfaction that I inform the department that 
the intercourse of myself and the officers of the squadron with the 
English authorities, civil, military, and naval, has been most cordial 
and friendly; nothing could exceed the kindness, official and private, 
which we have all received. It is true that these civilities have been, 
in part, reciprocated, but only to an extent to tighten more closely the 
feeling of mutual harmony, so desirable between the officials of sep- 
arate powers, especially when meeting in foreign ports. 

With the French and Russians we are also on good terms, and it 
may be a source of gratification to the department to learn that^ by a 
more provident foresight, ours are the only steamers in these seas 
that are provided even with a limited supply of coal. 

From the scarcity of vessels, and consequent difficulty of obtaining 
transportation of coals from Europe, the English, French, and Rus- 
sians are entirely without supplies ; and it has fallen to me even to 
give access to our stock to the English admiral, should his coal ves- 
sels not arrive ; of course^ whatever is thus delivered to the English is 
to be returned, in like quality and quantity, within a given time, so 
that we shall not be inconvenienced by the loan of them. The French 



102 CORRESPONDENCE RELATIVE TO THE 

and Knssians have, at presentj no means of returning what they re- 
ceive; and consequently I shall spare them no more, as I am obliged 
to husband my stock with the greatest care and economy. 

Every article in her Majesty's naval stores here has been placed at 
my disposal ; but I have only drawn some lime-juice, to be used for 
sanitary purposes, and not to be obtained elsewhere. 

In a letter addressed to the department, bearing date the 1st of 
September, (^o. 19.) I have suggested the necessity of providing coial 
for the return of the steamers to the United States, by way of the Pa- 
cific ocean. Since the date of that letter, I have received a communi- 
cation from the United States consul at Honolulu, (Sandwich Islands,) 
informing me, in answer to an inquiry of mine, that there was at that 
2)lace sixteen hundred and thirty-five (1,635) tons of anthracite, shipped 
at my suggestion a year since, and it is all-important that instructions 
should be given to the consul not to deliver any of it, under any con- 
sideration ; otherwise, the steamers may call there in expectation of a 
supply, and learn that it has been used for other purj)Oses. 

I take pleasure in stating to the department, that on the occasion 
of paying funeral honors to the memory of the late Yice President 
Kinsr, Admiral Sir Fleetwood Pellew caused all the vessels of his 
squadron to half-mast their colors during the whole day, and fired 
minute-guns from his own flag-ship. 

With great respect, I have the honor to be, your most obedient ser- 
vant, 

M. C. PERRY, 
Commaoider-in-cMef U. S. Naval Forces East Lidia, 

CJiina, and Japan Seas. 

Hon. James C. Dobbix, 

Secretai^y of the Kavy, Washington^ D. C. 



■) 



Commodore Perry to the Secretary of the Navy. 

\So. 36.] U. S. Steam Frigate Susquehanxa, 

Hong Kong J January 12, 1854. 

Sir : For obvious reasons I have hitherto transmitted to the depart- 
ment copies of my correspondence with the Hon. Mr. Marshall; aud 
as the papers of which the enclosed are copies will probably bring 
to a close what has been very disagreeable to me, I have thought it 
advisable to place these also upon file at the Xavy Ofiice. 

The letter of Commander Walker, bearing the same date as that of 
Mr. Cunningham, who is acting vice-consul at Shanghai, and the sub- 
sequent letters of Commander Walker and Purser Harris, do not allude 
in the slightest manner to the outrages spoken of by Mr. Cunningham ; 
and a Mr. Mugford, an American gentleman of high respectability and 
intelligence, yesterday assured me that he had left Shanghai on the 
31st December, and had a few days before visited Ningpo with a 
large party of Americans, and had noticed no unusual disturbance in 
that vicinity. 

I mention these facts with reference to the efforts that have been 



NAVAL EXPEDITION TO JAPAN. 103 

made to induce me to detach a part of that portion of my force des- 
tined for Japan to the coast of China. 

There has heen, and will continue to he, a sloop-of-war stationed at 
Shanghai^a force quite sufficient for all purjDoses of protection. 
With great respect, I am, sir, your most ohedient servant, 

M. C. PEKKY, 
Commander -in-cliief U. S. Naval Forces East India, 

China, and Japan Seas. 
Hon. James C. Dobbin, 

Secretary of tlie Navy, Waslimgton, D, C. 



[No. 19.] • United States Ship Saratoga, 

Shanghai, China, December 24, 1853. 

Sir : By the hasty departure of an opium schooner for the southern 
ports, I had only time to acknowledge the receipt (per ^'Lady Mary 
Wood") of your despatch, dated the 12th and 13th instant, with the 
accompanying private letter and documents from Commander Adams, 
which I shall answer by return of mail. Nothing of interest has oc- 
curred here since my last dates. The Cassini returned with Mons. 
de Bourhoulon, from Nanking, on the afternoon of the 18th instant. I 
transmit herewith an account of his excellency's visit to that place, 
in an extra of the ^' North China Herald.'' 

Very respectfully, 

WM. S. WALKER, Commander. 

Commodore M. C. Perry, c&c, cfcc, &c. 

Since the receipt of the above, I have received letters from Com- 
mander Walker, of the 2Tth and 29th, and from Purser Harris, of 
the 31st. 

M. C. PEERY. 



Extract from a letter received per ^^ Nymph,'' from E. Cunningham., 
Esq., vice-consul of the United States at Shanghai, dated December 
24, 1853. 

' ^ With such a possibility, it seems very desirable that the American 
naval force at this station be increased, as this is the point where the 
first meeting will, in all probability, take place. I have received from 
Mr. D. B. McCartee, of Ningpo, information of outrages committed 
upon native boats by foreign seamen, calling themselves Americans, 
who have hired Chinese boats, armed them, and assumed the business 
of convoying. They bring in boats which they call pirates, confiscate 
their contents and destroy them. The Chinese complain that the said 
boats are innocent traders, and ask for redress. I have applied to 
Captain Walker, of the Saratoga, for an officer and men to send to that 
port for the purpose of arresting the offenders, and putting a stop to 
practices which will inevitably result in the massacre of all sailors 



104 CORRESPONDENCE RELATIVE TO THE 

thought to be Americans, who can be found unprotected, by the na- 
tives, besides bringing disgrace upon our flag and names. He is, 
however, unable to give the aid, though I offered my own yacht for 
the conveyance, without charge. I beg, therefore, to request that, if 
it is possible, some measure may be taken to keep order at that port, 
which is more or less a resort for dissolute sailors, from its proximity 
to Shanghai." 



Legation United States of Ajuerica, 

C anion y January 8, 1854. 

SiE : Annexed you will please find an extract from an official com- 
munication received at this legation to-day, from the vice-consul at 
Shanghai. 

I feel it to be my duty to urge your immediate attention to it, as it 
would appear from the inability of Commander Walker to furnish a 
guard to prevent the outrages alluded to, that the force at present 
under his orders is unequal to such emergencies as may at any moment 
arise. It is due to our national character that such combinations by 
desperadoes, wearing the name of Americans, should be suppressed 
promptly, and punished summarily. 

I am, sir, very respectfully, your obedient servant, 

HUMPHREY MARSHALL, 

United States Commissioner, 
Commodore M. C. Perry, 

Commander-in-Chief J (jtc.,(&c.j &c. 



U. S. Steam Frigate Susquehanna, 

Hong Kong, January 12, 1854. 

Sir : Constant official employments preparatory to my departure 
from this port, and other indispensable public occupations, have pre- 
vented me until this time from acknowledging the receipt of your des- 
patch of the 4tli instant. I now do myself the honor of replying to 
that, and to the communication more recently received from you. 

With respect to the first, I may remark that the reasons expressed 
by me in my letter to you of the 29th ultimo are still in full force, 
and I see no cause for deviating from the course therein indicated. 
In order, however, that our government may be made acquainted at 
the earliest moment with all the circumstances, I transmitted, by the 
mail of yesterday, a copy of your despatch, being myself desirous of 
having all my acts scrupulously scanned. 

As to the statement made by Mr. Cunningham, in the extract of 
his letter of the 24th ultimo, appended to yours of the 8th instant, I 
can only say that I bave letters from Shanghai, official and private, 
dated respectively the 24th, 2Tth, 29th, and 31st ultimo, and verbal 
information to the 1st instant, and not a word is mentioned of the 
state of things described by Mr. Cunningham ; and Commander 



NAVAL EXPEDITION TO JAPAN. 105 

Walker, from whom I have letters of the 24th, and two of subsequent 
dates, does not in the remotest manner allude to any application made 
to him by Mr. Cunningham. 

I have also seen an American gentleman of great intelligence, who 
has recently visited Ningpo, who informs me that he was not aware 
of any unusual disturbance in that vicinity. 

It seems singular that Commander Walker should not have com- 
municated such important information in his letters, as he has been 
hitherto very particular in keeping me acquainted with every event 
of interest that has transpired at Shanghai and its neighborhood. 

By reference to the subjoined extracts, you will perceive that Com- 
mander Walker has discretionary power to act in cases similar to that 
described by Mr. Cunningham. I must, therefore, infer that he did 
not deem it advisable to do so. 

I shall, however, transmit to him a copy of your communication of 
the 8th, together with the remarks of Mr. Cunningham. 
Very respectfully, your obedient servant, 

M. C. PEERY, 
Commander-in-chief U. S. Naval Forces East India, 

China y and Japan Seas. 
Hon. Humphrey Marshall, 

U. S. Commissioner to China, Canton. 



Extract of a letter from Commodore Perry to the Hon. Humphrey 3Ia7'- 
shallj dated Macao, September 29, 1853. 

^^ Commander Walker has been instructed to proceed to Fuh-Chow 
or Mngpo, should he, on consulting with you, deem it necessary at 
any conjuncture to do so, and from thence return to Shanghai ; and 
I shall have an extra ship ready to hasten to either of those places 
from the south, should the information constantly received at this 
place from the coast, north and south, make it expedient to despat<jh 
one." 



Extract of a letter from Commodore Perry to Commander Walker-, 
dated Macao, September 30, 1853. 

-If, on consultation with his excellency Mr. Marshall, you should 
deem it advisable, at any conjuncture^ to leave your present station 
at Shanghai to visit the port of Ningpo, or Fuh-Chow, you are au- 
thorized to exercise your discretion in the matter, presuming, of 
course, that you can leave Shanghai temporarily, as there will be 
other national vessels at that place." 



Commodore Perry to the Secretary of the Navy. 

U. S. Steam Frigate Susquehanna, 
Hong Kong, January 14, 1854. 

Sir: On the eve of getting under way for Japan, with all my ar- 
rangements made to leave in an hour, and a large portion of my force 



106 CORRESPONDENCE RELATIVE TO THE 

actually gone, I am j)laced in possession of the letter of the de- 
partment of the 28th of October, (which arrived by the mail of last 
night,) directing me, under certain views of the government with 
respect to China, to detach one of the steamers of my command, 
to be placed at the disposal of Mr. E. M. McLane, recently appointed 
Commissioner to China. 

Such an arrangement, at this moment, would be seriously inct)n- 
venient and highly injurious to my plans, the execution of which has 
already commenced ; indeed, it could not be done at this time without 
deranging the operations of the squadron — ^so intimately are th=e 
steamers connected with each other ; and I feel assured that, if th« 
department was to be made acquainted with the true state of things, 
and the importance of my carrying the three steamers with me tx) 
Japan, as it now does of the events of my former visit to that empire, 
it would at once revoke the order ; but, as it is my duty to obey, 
though it cannot be done at this moment without serious consequences 
to the success of my mission, I will detach one of the steamers from the 
Bay of Yedo, and send her to Macao, where she can only be of use in 
contributing to the convenience of the Commissioner, as her gre^t 
draught of water will render it impossible to ascend, for any useful 
purpose, the rivers in China. 

My various letters to the department will, I think, demonstrate the 
correctness of this assertion. However, I have no alternative, though 
I cannot but express the deep disappointment and mortification to 
which I am subjected. 

Although Mr. McLane may not find a steamer waiting for him 
at Macao when he arrives, I will order her to the coast of China the 
moment I can do so consistently with the public interests. 

I am sure the department will not object to the exercire of this dis- 
cretion — no possible inconvenience can arise from the delay. Mr. 
McLane may probably be detained some time in Euro23e, and the 
steamer may be back in time to meet him, and before he will be pre- 
pared to act. 

I must confess that this order has dampened my hopes very much, 
but I shall do the best I can. 

I am, sir, very respectfully, your obedient servant, 

M. C. PERRY, 
Commander-in-chief U. S. Naval Forces East India, 

China, and Japan Seas, 

Hon. James C. Dobbin, 

Secretary of the Navy, Washington. 



Commodore Ferry to the Secretary of the Navy. 

[No, 38.] U. S. Steam Frigate Susquehanna, 

Napa, Leiu-Cheiv, January 25, 1854. 

Sir: At the moment of leaving Hong Kong, on the 14th instant, 
all the steamers having steam up, and the Powhatan and Mississippi 
with the Southampton and Lexington in tow, I received the letter of 



NAVAL EXPEDITION TO JAPAN. 107 

the department "bearing date the 28th of October, directing me to de- 
tach one of the steamers from my command and place her at the dis- 
posal of the Hon. K. M. McLane, Commissioner to China. 

In the embarrassment which this unexpected order produced in my 
mind, and looking solely to what I supposed to be the intentions of 
the department, and my duty in giving ready obedience to its injunc- 
tions, I determined to adopt such course as I thought would subserve 
those considerations, and at the same time obviate, as far as might 
be, the serious consequences of withdrawing a steamer so suddenly 
from the force originally destined for Japan, a part of which having 
already sailed. 

I was aware that the department could not have received my de- 
spatches giving an account of a previous visit to that country, and 
of the pledges which, in my diplomatic capacity, I had full authority 
to make, and did make, as will be perceived by reference to the fol- 
lowing extract of my letter to the Emperor : 

^' Many of the large ships-of-war destined to visit Japan have not 
yet arrived in these seas, though they are hourly expected ; and the 
undersigned, as an evidence of his friendly intentions, has brought 
but four of the smaller ones, designing, should it become necessary, 
to return to Jedo in the ensuing spring with a much larger force." 

At that time I had full confidence in the early arrival on the sta- 
tion of the Vermont, and other vessels, of the equipment of which I 
had received official notice, and w^hose captains had been ordered to 
report to me, and to whom I had issued the necessary instructions ; I 
therefore spoke with certainty of taking w^ith me in my next visit a 
much larger force. 

Since then, I have been duly informed that the Vermont and Alle- 
gheny had been withdrawn ; and as the Plymouth is necessarily sta- 
tioned at Shanghai, and the Saratoga is preparing to return home — 
my available force for Japan, excepting in the addition of two store- 
ships ; and now that a steamer is to be detached, will be no larger 
than it was last year ; hence the importance of showing a third 
steamer, if nothing more; and this I propose to do by hastening my 
visit to Jedo, and causing the Susquehanna to be seen a few days by 
the Japanese, and then to send her to Macoa, in conformity to in- 
structions, where she can arrive by the 20th or 25th of March — proba- 
bly before, or by the time, Mr. McLane reaches that place. 

After all that has been communicated to the Japanese by myself 
and officers, and through the Dutch, Kussian, and other channels, of 
the large American force that would appear in their waters in the en- 
suing spring, it will be difficult for me to offer any plausible reasons 
for the deficiency and the non-fulfilment of my pledge made in good 
faith ; still, it will be my duty to make the most of the means placed 
at my disposal — sufficient, it is true, to chastise insult, but not enough 
to overawe a people remarkable for sagacity. 

With respect to the remarks of the department, touching my co- 
operation with the Commissioner to China in the diplomatic relations 
of the United States with that empire, I may trust that my instruc- 
tions will place me upon an equal footing of power and influence with 
that functionary, conformably to the appointment I already hold. 



108 CORRESPONDENCE RELATIVE TO THE 

This will be essential to a cordial co-operation, for I can hardly sup- 
pose that myself and entire command are to be made subject to the 
control of a gentleman, however wise he may be, yet much younger 
than myself, and far less experienced in the routine of public inter- 
course with strange nations ; indeed, my diplomatic appointment, 
granted by the President in all due form, would give me priority of 
date, if, in its extent and general tenor, it does not award me greater 
powers. 

But I will not permit myself to imagine for a moment, that a long 
life of forty-five years in the service is to terminate in a manner to 
bring reproach upon my naval pride. I am sure that such cannot be 
the intention, however the course of things may seem to lead to such 
inference. 

I have the honor to be, very respectfullv, your obedient servant, 

M. C. PERRY, 
Commander-in-chief U. S. Naval Forces Fast India, 

China, and Japan Seas. 
Hon. James C. Dobbin, 

Secretary of the Navy, Washington. 



Commodore Perry to the Seaxtary of the Navy. 

[No. 39.] U. S. Flag-Ship Susquehanna, 

Napa Keang, Great Lew-Cheiu , January 25, 1854, 

Sir: I have the honor to transmit herewith a copy, with a transla- 
tion appended, of a communication received on the 14th instant, from 
the governor general of the Dutch East Indies, and also a copy of 
my reply thereto. 

I had previously heard, through officers of the Russian squadron, 
of the reported death of the Emperor of Japan, and that similar rea- 
sons had been assigned to the Russian admiral for a non-reply to a 
letter from his sovereign, which he had sent to Yedo from jSTangasaki. 

It would seem to be singular that the Emperor of Japan, who, as 
we understood, was in good health at the time of our visit to Yedo 
Bay, in July last, should have died immediately after the appearance 
of the American and Russian squadrons upon the coast ; and it is also 
singular that the law of protracted mourning, and consequent delay 
of public business referred to, should not have been mentioned in any 
of the books describing the manners and customs of the empire. 

The laws of China require the eldest son of the highest classes to 
abstain from pleasure, company, or business, for seven weeks; but 
the successor to the Imperial throne assumes the government imme- 
diately, and public business is never interrupted. 

The intelligence will not, however, deter me from prosecuting the 
plans which I had previously proposed to myself; and as this letter, 
together with others, will be sent by the store-ship Supply to Shang- 
hai, there to take the mail for the United States, probably offering 
the last opportunity I shall have for a length of time of communica- 
ting with the department, it is proper that I should avail of the 



NAVAL EXPEDITION TO JAPAN. 109 

occasion to make the government acquainted with the nature of those 
plans ; of the successful issue of which, however, there is, of course, 
much uncertainty. 

It is known that one of the leading objects of my mission was to 
demand explanations of the Japanese government respecting its 
treatment of American citizens, who have been accidentally thrown 
upon its shores, and to make declaration that the United States 
government will no longer tolerate such acts ; 

To endeavor to obtain the opening of one or more Japanese ports 
to American vessels ; 

And to negotiate, if possible, a treaty with the empire, upon a basis 
just and equitable. 

There will, I imagine, be little difficulty in bringing about suitable 
explanations and apologies, with assurances of kind treatment to all 
strangers who may hereafter fall into the hands of the Japanese, as 
also friendly treatment and supplies to whaling ships anchoring in 
the ports of the empire ; and this result would alone repay the United 
States government for all the expenses of the expedition. 

With respect to the accomplishment of the two other objects in view, 
there is in my mind some doubt, unless force is resorted to ; and the 
adoption of this alternative, if not brought about by the acts of the 
Japanese themselves, would probably put us in the wrong. 

It will, therefore, become necessary in the absence of specific in- 
structions, for me to assume certain responsibilities, and to act accord- 
ing to circumstances, and as my best judgment may dictate. 

To this end it is my intention, should the Japanese government 
refuse to negotiate, or to assign a port of resort for our merchant and 
whaling ships, to take under the surveillance of the American flag, 
upon the ground of reclamation for insults and injuries committed 
upon American citizens^ this island of Great Lew-Chew, a dependency 
of the empire, to be held under such restraint, until the decision of 
my government shall be known, whether to avow or disavow my acts. 
Until such action is had, the responsibility will rest solely upon me, 
and I shall assume it as a measure of political precaution, for it is 
certain that if I do not take preliminary steps before leaving this port 
for Yedo, for adopting such course, the Eussians or French, or proba- 
bly the English, will anticipate the design. 

It will be understood, that in no way will the authorities or people 
of the island be molested or interfered with, nor will any force be 
used, unless in self-defence ; in truth, we already possess all necessary 
influence in the island, which has been acquired by kindness and non- 
interference with their laws and customs. 

The Americans have stronger claims for redress upon the Japanese 
than any other civilized nation ; and though it does not belong to the 
spirit of our institutions to extend our dominion beyond sea, positive 
necessity requires that we should protect our commercial interests in 
this remote part of the world, and in doing so, to resort to measures, 
however strong, to counteract the schemes of powers less scrupulous 
than ourselves. 

Therefore, in my present position, I cannot but feel the v/eight of 
responsibility which this peculiar state of things imposes upon me ; 



110 CORRESPONDENCE RELATIVE TO THE 

and being aware of the expectation of tlie government and people oi 
the United States, with respect to Japan, I shall not flinch from the 
exercise of powers^ the propriety of which may he, at first, questioned 
by many, but the avoidance of which would be pronounced by all as 
showing a want of sagacity and firmness on my part. 

This friendly intercourse of the Americans with the inhabitants of 
the island has already contributed greatly to their advantage, and 
no one can foretell the benefits that would arise to these debased and 
inoffensive people by a certainty of protection from a powerful nation 
like ours. 

The most scrupulous regard to the rights of the authorities and 
other classes has been observed, and they are gradually becoming less 
reserved ; and if it were not for the numerous Japanese agents and 
SjDies, who are ever on the watch to notice and report to the Imperial 
government every event that transpires, making those who manifest 
any friendly regard for us to he held accountable at some future time, 
the Lew-Chewans, it is thought, would rejoice in being placed in a 
political position rendering them independent of the tyranny of their 
Japanese rulers. 

The Regent, at my request, ordered, some time since, the erection 
of a building as a depository for coal, in which there is now about 
•700 tons for the use of the squadron. He has also assigned a build- 
ing for the accommodation of the sick and others who reside on shore. 

For these I insist on making payment, to which, in consideration of 
the presents made to him of cattle, &c., he has demurred; but I shall 
persist as I did with reference to the supplies for the ships, for which 
they do not now evince the least reluctance to be paid, even advancing 
their prices. 

In regard to the Bonin islands, everything, according to the last 
accounts, remains as at the time of our departure from Port Lloyd. 

I now beg to invite the particular attention of the department to 
the tenor and meaning of the foregoing observations, and to remark, 
that in all probability I may not have arrived at any final understanding 
with the Japanese, whether satisfactory or otherwise, so as to enable 
me to return to Hong Kong before the latter end of July next, by 
which time a reply to this communication may be expected in due 
course of mail. 

And as I would earnestly request the department to instruct me 
whether I shall take further measures for holding possession of this 
island, provided the Japanese government may not comply with our 
just demands, or whether I am to abandon all claims upon it, and 
leave the authorities and people as I found them — an alternative I 
might hope would not be determined on, as well in justice to this 
defenceless and overburdened people as a regard to the commercial 
interests of our country. 

I would also ask for instructions with respect to the Bonin islands. 
My former communications and my correspondence with Sir George 
Boniiam, now before the department, will fully explain the motives 



NAYAL EXPEDITION TO JAPAN. Ill 

which, have actuated me in visiting and exploring this interesting 
group. 

I have the honor to he, very respectfully, your ohedient servant, 

M. C. PEKRY, 
Commander-in-chief U, S. Naval Forces East India, 

China, and Japan Seas. 
Hon. James C. Dobbin, 

Secretary of the Navy, Washington, 



[Translation.] ' 

BuETENzoRG, Decemher 23, 1853. 

Mr. Commodore: The Dutch ship ''Hendrika," master Admiral, 
which sailed for Japan in July last, has returned to Batavia on the 
15th instant. • 

She brings intelligence from the superintendent of our factory there, 
up to the 15th of November, 1853, and information of the death of 
the Emperor of Japan, soon after receiving the letter of the Presi- 
dent of the United States. 

The Japanese government has requested the Dutch superintendent 
to communicate to the American government : That this event, 
according to Japanese laws and customs, makes necessary the perform- 
ance of many and continuing ceremonies of mourning, and exten- 
sive arrangements with respect to the succession to the throne ; that 
during the period of mourning no business of any importance can be 
transacted ; that the letter of the President of the United States can 
anly be taken into deliberation when the time of mourning is over ; 
that previous thereto, the opinions upon the subject have to be obtained 
from all the governors (lords) in Japan ; that for that purpose the 
governors have to repair to Yedo in succession, (one after the other ;) 
that all that will take much time. 

The Japanese authorities have repeatedly requested the superintend- 
^it of our factory that he should inform the American government 
of the wish of the Japanese government not to let the American 
squadron return to Japan at the time fixed upon by your excellency, 
for fear that under the circumstances created by the decease of the 
Emperor, and from the several and unavoidable conferences with the 
Japanese authorities, and of those authorities among themselves, the 
American squadron might create broil (confusion,) as the Japanese 
authorities express themselves. 

I believe it not necessary to go beyond informing your excellency 
of this wish of the Japanese government, to be filed with my letter 
of the 22d of September, 1852, (No. 134.) 

With great respect, I have the honor to be, your excellency's 
obedient servant, 

DUYMAEE YAN TWIST, 
Governor General of Netherlands India, 

By order of his Excellency the G-overnor General : 

A. PEINS, Chief Secretary, 
His Excellency Coj^oiodore Perry, 

Commandant of the U. S. Squadron, destined for Japan. 



112 CORRESPONDENCE RELATIVE TO THE 

U. S. Stbam-Feigate Susquehanna, 

Napa, Leiv-CJiew, January 23, 1854. 
Sir : I have tlie honor to acknowledge the receipt of the letter of 
your excellency of the 23d ultimo, informing me of a communication 
you had received from the superintendent of the factory at Dezima, 
announcing the death of the Emperor of Japan, and detailing the 
consequences that would result from this event in retarding the pro- 
gress of the mission with which I have been charged. 

Allow me to thank your excellency for the trouble you have taken 
in conveying to me this sad intelligence. I trust, however, that the 
present rulers of Japan have become so well satisfied of the intentions 
of the President in suggesting the propositions which I have had the 
honor of presenting, that they will not be disposed to throw any seri- 
ous obstacles in the way of a friendly understanding between the two 
nations. 

With great respect, I have the honor to be, your most obedient 
servant, 

M. C. PEKRY, 
Commander-in-chief U. S. Naval Forces East India, 

CJiina, and Japan Seas. 
His Excellency Duymaer Van Twist, 

Governor General of the Netherlands Indies. 



Secretary of the Navy to Commodore Perry. 

Navy Department, May 30, 1854. 

Sir : Tour despatch No. 39, dated at Napa-Keang, Great Lew- 
Chew, January 25, 1854, has been received. 

Your suggestions as to the policy and propriety of securing a coal 
depot at Port Lloyd are appreciated and approved by the department. 

At some future and no distant day, I have no doubt, from its geo- 
graphical position, it will be found convenient and important for a line 
of steamers to Shanghai or Hong Kong, from the Sandwich Islands 
or from San Francisco, to China. 

Your correspondence with Sir Greorge Bonham, in regard to the 
Bonin islands, was conducted with ability and in the right spirit. 

Your suggestion about holding one of the Lew-Chew islands '' upon 
the ground oi reclamation for insults and injuries committed, ujwn Ame- 
rican citizens" '' should the Japanese government refuse to negotiate 
or to assign a port of resort for our merchant and whaling ships,'' is 
more embarrassing. The subject has been laid before the President, 
who, while he appreciates highly the patriotic motive which prompts 
the suggestion, is disinclined, without the authority of Congress, to 
take and retain possession of an island in that distant country, par- 
ticularly unless more urgent and potent reasons demanded it than 
now exist. If, in future, resistance should be offered and threatened, 
it would also be rather mortifying to surrender the island, if once 
seized, and rather inconvenient and expensive to maintain a force 
there to retain it. Indulging the hope that the contingency may not 



NAVAL EXPEDITION TO JAPAN. 113 

arise to occasion any resort to the expedient suggested, and that your 
skill, prudence, and good judgment may enable you to triumph over 
the Ignorant obstinacy of the Japanese without violence, it is con- 
sidered sounder policy not to seize the island as suo-P-ested in vour 
despatch. "^ 

I regret much that the order allowing our Commissioner to China 
the use of a steamer should have caused you embarrassment or morti- 
fication. Such was far from the design of the department. The 
revolution in China seems to call for great consideration from our 
Commissioner, and to render it important that he should have every 
convenient facility to advance his efforts to effect favorable negoti- 
ations for his country. And although your force is not as large as 
you anticipated and desired, it is larger than you had on your first 
visit. 

Wishing you all success and fame, I am, very respectfully, your 
obedient servant, 

^ , J. C. DOBBIN. 

Commodore M. C. Perry, 

Commander-in-cUef U. S. Naval Forces, East Indies, 

Hong Kong, China. 



Commodore Perry to the Secretary of the Navy. 

[^0- 41.] U. S. Flag-Ship Susquehani^a, 

At Sea, Feb. 9, 1854, (Lat. 30° 13' N., Long. 132° 15' E.) 

Sir : In the hope of ^taining more satisfactory information from 
personal examination, I have hitherto deferred a reply to the order 
of the department directing me to report upon the contents of a letter 
addressed by Commander James G-lynn to Commodore Thomas Ap C. 
Jones, and bearing date the 21st of February, 1850, in which he com- 
municates the fact of having, as he supposed, discovered an island in 
the Japan seas, not before known to modern navigators ; and, upon 
such conjecture, claims the right, under certain reservation, of givino- 
It the name of the ship he then commanded. ° 

The island represented to be seen in June, 1849, and described in 
the letter just referred to as bearing in a southeasterly direction from 
the Preble, is called, in the Japanese charts, Oho-Sima, (Great island;) 
and by the Chinese, Ta-tao. The islets in sight at the same time, 
bearing north-northwest, were examined, in 1846, by Captain Guerin, 

*m^ French corvette Sabine, and named by him Cleopatra islands. 

These islands, as well as Oho-Sima and others lying contiguous, 
were distinctly seen from the decks of the ships of the squadron on 
passing them yesterday, and of which sketches were taken. 

The Cleopatra islands are two in number, are small, cone-shaped, 
uninhabited, and lie near to each other. They are evidently of vol- 
canic formation, the craters being clearly visible. In height, the 
largest has been estimated, by Monsieur Guerin, at 1,650 English 
leex. 

Ex. Doc. 34 8 



114 CORRESPONDENCE RELATIVE TO THE 

Olio-Sima is tlie principal of wliat I sliall call tlie nortliern group 
of tlie Lew-Cliew chain; which, in connexion with the Mijako-Simas 
and another chain commencing with the Cleopatra islets, extend from 
near the north end of Formosa to Kiu-Siu, the southwestern extremity 
of Japan proper. 

The positions of the Cleopatra isles and Oho-Sima, as established by 
cross-bearings taken from the Susquehanna at noon on the 8th of 
February, 1854, after good observations, were as follows: 

South end of Cleopatra isles— Lat. 38° 48' N. ; Long. 128° 59' 30" E 
North end of Oho-Sima— Lat. 28° 29' N. ; Long. 129° 30' E. 

The Mijako-Sima islands have "been more than once visited by for- 
eign vessels, and more recently by the Saratoga, of this squadron, 
whose officers describe the inhabitants as being, in language, man- 
ners, customs, and appearante, almost identical with those of great 
Lew-Chew ; and, if we are to judge by what we have seen of this 
island, we may suppose the entire chain (those, I mean, capable of 
sustaining a population) to have been peopled many hundreds of 

years. 

We know that the Mijako-Sima group are governed by officers ap- 
pointed by the King and council of Great Lew- Chew, and that they 
are frequently changed, in conformity with the insidious and jealous 
policy practised throughout Japan and its dependencies. We also 
know that these islands are subject to Lew-Chew, to the government 
of which they pay an annual tax ; and are moreover told that Lew- 
Chew is a royal fief of the empire of Japan, though it is asserted by 
some writers that it owes fealty only to the Prince of Satsuma. 

With regard to the people and government of Oho-Sima and the 
neighboring and probably dependent islands of Tok-Sima, Katona- 
Sima, and Kikai-Sima, we as yet know but little ; but it is fair to as- 
sume that they are also subject to Great Lew-Chew, and the govern- 
ment of the latter exercises an intermediate sovereignty between them 
and the empire, or possibly the Prince of Satsuma. 

From what Yon Seibold asserts, it seems pretty clear that this 
Prince receives at least the income derived froni^ the Lew-Chew 
islands, which he says amounts to the annual sum of 2,240,000 guil- 
ders, nearly $900,000. . ^ i i ^ 

He also sustains the opinion to which I have been irresistibly led, 
that the three groups of Mijako-Sima, Great Lew-Chew, (or Okmawa- 
Sima,) and Oho-Sima, should be denominated the southern, middle, 
and northern Lew-Chew islands, the central government being estab- 
lished at the city of Shui, in the island of Great LcAv-Chew. 

The geographical positions of these islands, forming, as before 
mentioned, a continuous chain from Formosa to Japan proper, would 
seem to be so arranged to suit the convenience of the commerce of the 
unskilful Japanese, who sail in their frail, open-sterned vessels from 
island to island, always being careful to have a port under their lee, 
into which to escape on the approach of foul weather. 

Oho-Sima, to which this communication should more particularly 
refer, is in circumference nearly 150 English miles. It is mountain- 
ous, resembling, indeed, the appearance of Lew-Chew. 



NAVAL EXPEDITION TO JAPAN. 115 

It is represented by Von Seibold and other writers to be thickly 
populated, having all the advantages of cities, towns, villages, and 
commodious ports; and the wonder is that it has never, as far as we 
can learn, yet been visited by a Christian voyager. I may hope to 
have tJiat satisfaction, and to be able to communicate to the depart- 
ment further information with respect to these interesting islands. 

The recorded history of G-reat Lew-Chew goes back to the twelfth 
century, when its line of kings became allied by marriage with the 
Japanese dynasty. Kuins of extensive and massive castles are still 
found m the island ; the one occupied hj the present royal family is 
in good repair, and in architectural proportions, extent, strength, and 
massiveness of structure, is quite equal to many of those reared in 
Europe in the early and middle ages. 

The roads and bridges throughout the island are of admirable struc- 
ture, all giving indication of great antiquity. Many of the roads are 
paved with square blocks, like those in the ancient cities of Italy, and 
are shaded by avenues of pines and other forest trees. 

The remains of fortified works, apparently intended for defence of 
the port of ISTapa, go to show that in the art of engineering the people 
were not deficient; and, though these works are no longer armed 
they could still be made available. ' 

To each of the principal towns belongs a commodious building, 
called, in the Lew-Chew language, Cung-Qua, and similar in object 
to the caravansaries of the East. These are constructed and kept in 
repair at the public expense, and here travellers can always find 
shelter and refreshment. It was to these public inns that the ofiicers 
of ih.Q squadron, in prosecuting their explorations in the interior of 
the island, were conducted by their guides, and where they invariably 
found hospitable entertainment. 

In addition to a mass of valuable hydrographical information which 
has already been obtained, to be forwarded in due time to the depart- 
ment, and to which we are constantly adding, I shall cause to be pre- 
pared, as illustrative of the opinions expressed in this communication, 
a sketch of the chain of islands particularly referred to. 
_ It is nothing more than just to Commander Glynn to assume that 
if he was mistaken in the conclusions to which he was very naturally 
drawn, considering the very imperfect charts with which the ships on 
this station are provided, he deserves commendation for a laudable 
desire to contribute all in his power to the improvement of hydro- 
graphical knowledge. 

It is, in truth, by such observations that the attention of the navi- 
gator is called to investigate questions thus agitated, and no one 
should relax in the prosecution of similar inquiries because the data 
upon which they found their speculations may not always prove 
correct. 

With great respect, I am, sir, your obedient servant, 

M. C. PEKRY, 
Commander-in-chief of the U. S. Naval Forces, East 

India, China, and Japan Seas. 
Hon. James C. Dobbin, 

Secretary of the Navy, Washington, D. C. 



116 CORRESPONDENCE RELATIVE TO THE 

Secretary of the Navy to Commodore Perry. 

Navy Department, 

Washington^ February 25, 1854. 

Sie: The department has received your ISTo. 28, dated at Macao, 
December 8, 1853. 

When your second visit to Japan shall have terminated, you will 
send to the Atlantic coast all the vessels comprising the East India 
squadron, with the exception of the Macedonian, Powhatan, and Yan- 
dalia. 

The steamer Mississippi, as wel^ as the Susquehanna, (for which last 
orders have already been given,) will return by way of the Sandwich 
Islands, San Francisco, &c. — the Mississippi entering the port of New 
York, and the Susquehanna that of Philadelphia. 

The sailing vessels Avill return by such routes as you may deem 
best — the store-ships entering the port of New York, the Saratoga 
that of Boston, and the Plymouth that of Norfolk. 

You will direct the store-ships to place in store, at either Hong Kong 
or Shanghai, such provisions as may not be needed for the different 
vessels on their homeward passage. 

The Bureau of Construction, &c., will inform you of the prepara- 
tions made for the coaling of the returning steamers. In this con- 
nexion, owing to the great cost of coal, the department desires again 
to impress upon you the necessity for economy in the use of steam, 
and reiterates the instructions contained in its letter of the 13th of 
January — that it be used on the return of the steamers only in urgent 
cases. 

Agreeably to your request, you will return to the United States in 
either the Mississippi or by the overland route. 

You will leave Captain Abbott in command until a successor to 
yourself is sent out. 

The department learns with regret of the rumor of the loss of Lieu- 
tenant Matthews and the boat's crew, and trusts that they may yet be 
found safe. 

I am, very respectfully, your obedient servant, 

J. C. DOBBIN. 

Commodore M. C. Perry, 

Commanding United States Squadron, 

East India and China Seas, 



Commodore Perry to the Secfi^etary of the Navy. 

[No. 42.] U. S. Flag-Ship Powhatan, 

Off the toivn of Yohu-hama, Yedo Bay, March 20, 1854. 
Sir: My last despatch, (No. 40,) dated the 25th January, was for- 
warded from Lew-Chew; since then the whole squadron, with the 
exception of the Plymouth, stationed at Shanghai, has been concen- 
trated at this anchorage, at the head of Ycdo Bay, and within a few 
miles of the capital. ; 



NAVAL EXPEDITION TO JAPAN. 117 

From the moment of my reaching a second time these waters I 
have been, mcessantly engaged in adopting all friendly means 'of 
brmgmg about a satisfactory understanding with the Japanese gov- 
ernment, and so far have succeeded even beyond my expectations 
^ liie most cordial relations subsist between myself and the commis- 
sioners appointed by the Emperor to confer with me, and I entertain 
a very strong hope that the mission to Japan may terminate as favor- 
ably as could have been expected by those acquainted with the diffi- 
culties to be encountered. 

To judge from what has already passed, I might speak more confi- 
dently; but such IS the character of the people with whom I have to 
contend, that the slightest untoward occurrence may brin^ about 
issues calculated to mar or destroy our present friendly intercourse— 
iience the necessity of exercising great caution; and, whilst holdino- 
the ships prepared at all times for whatever service may be required 
01 them, to endeavor, by every honorable advance, to conciliate the 
confidence of the high officers of the empire; those of the second and 
lower classes with whom we have come in contact, seeming to desire 
a closer intercourse. ^ 

The department by a perusal of the accompanying notes and the" 
papers appended thereto, will be made acquainted with our progress 
thus tar m the accomplishment of the objects of this mission. aI the 
written details are too voluminous to be embraced in an ordinary des- 
patch, i have at this time, as on former similar occasions, prepared 
Presented "^^^^ important transactions, in the form herewith 

.J}'L^^''^^^\^''\'^ "^^""l^ ^'"''^ ^^^^ *°-^^:^ ^'^^ H^^g Kong, in obedi- 
ence to the instructions of the department of the 28th of October did 
i not consider it of the highest importance that she should not depart 
r: 9- 1 -^^ mj next interview with the commissioners appointed for 
the 2od instant when I am promised a definite answer with respect 
to Matsmai. She will, however, arrive in good time to meet Mr 
McLane, as we have information that his departure from the United 
from home ^^''''^ ^^^ ^^*^ of December, our latest dates 

^J}^ ^/ndalia and Southampton sailed this morning for Simoda, to 
meet a Japanese officer of rank, despatched by land, for the purpose 
of examimng that port, m view of ascertaining its fitness for a stop- 
ping place for American vessels. ^ 

I shall of course visit the port myself, but at present cannot defer 
my negotiations with the commissioners 

^/'J^^^^^^^ 23.-By reference to the accompanying notes, it 

will be seen that the proposed meeting of the commissioners did not 
Uke plape, owing to a mistake in their reference to dates, but they 
sent their reply to my demand for the opening of a northern port. 

1 nave, as will be seen, conditionally agreed to this proposition, 
and will communicate the final result of my negotiations by the Sar- 
atoga, now waiting here to carry Commander Adams as bearer of such 
treaty as I shall be able to conclude— that officer to take the Panama 
route, when the ship will pursue her passage to Boston. 

it may be well to remark here, that although the report of the 



118 CORRESPONDENCE RELATIVE TO THE 

deatli of the Temporal Emperor has been confirmed, the event has not 
apparently retarded or embarrassed in the least our negotiations. 

The report circulated at Shanghai that the Eussians had effected a 
treaty with the Japanese government at their recent visit to Nanga- 
saki, is entirely without foundation. I am assured of this ofhcially. 

With great respect^ I have the honor to be your most obedient 
servant. 

M. 0. PEKEY, ^ 
Commander-in-cliitf U. S. Naval Forces East India, 

Chinaj and Japan Seas. 
Hon. J. C. Dobbin, 

Secretary of the Navy, Washington, D. C. 



Notes of transactions luhich occurred on the occasion of the second visit 
to Japan by the United States squadron in command of Commodore 
M. G. Perry. 

The squadron sailing in a line ahead, the Lexington, Vandalia, and 
Macedonian being in tow respectively of the Susquehanna, Powhatan, 
and Mississippi, arrived off Uraga about 2 o'clock p. m. of -the 13th 
of February. 

As orders had been given similar to those issued by me in July last, 
no communication was allowed with any one from shore; and though 
the ships in passing the city were intercepted by government boats, 
the officials on board of them were beckoned not to venture alongside. 

They followed us, however, to the position designated in my in- 
structions as the rendezvous of the squadron, and called in our chart 
the ^'American anchorage," and where the six above-named ships 
anchored — the Southampton having arrived in advance .^ 

It was not long before the government or mandarin boats were 
alongside the flag-ship, with a request. from the Japanese officers that 
they might be admitted on board ; but as I had caused the extra or 
captain's cabin to be removed from the Susquehanna to the Powhatan, 
in view of changing my flag to that ship, preparatory to the return of 
the former to China; and as I could not, consistently with the system 
of exclusiveness, which I still pursued, of not seeing any of the subor- 
dinates, admit them into my cabin, I directed Captain Adams to re- 
ceive them on board the Powhatan. 

Accordingly, he proceeded to that ship, accompanied by Messrs. 
Williams and Portman, interpreters, and Mr. Perry, my secretary. 
Captain Adams had been charged by me with precise and^ special in- 
structions to hear all the Japanese had to say, but to give them no 
unnecessary information, nor to promise anything. 

These people, who seemed to be mandarins of middle rank, with 
their Dutch interpreters, stated that the Emperor, in expectation of 
our arrival, had given orders to receive us in the most friendly man- 
ner, and had appointed commissioners of high distinction to meet 
and confer with me upon the propositions of the President, presented 
in July last. That a town called Kama-kura, about twenty miles be- 



NAYAL EXPEDITION TO JAPAN. 119 

low Uraga, and the place where the Macedonian had got on shore, 
had heen designated for the meeting. 

As I had anchored off this town for the purpose of giving my per- 
sonal attention to the extrication of the Macedonian from the perilous 
situation in which I found her, and saw enough to satisfy me that it 
would he ahsurd to take the ships there, and suspecting some artful 
design on the part of the Japanese, I directed Captain Adams to say 
that it was altogether unsuitahle. 

For this answer they were evidently prepared, as, after a little more 
quihhling, they declared that, although the Emperor preferred Kama- 
kura, still he would have no ohjection to the negotiation heing con- 
ducted at Uraga, where, in fact, a pavilion had heen expressly erected 
for the purpose, and persons of high rank appointed to receive me, 
hut to this end it would he necessary for all the ships to return and 
anchor oif that town. 

This proposition I also declined, upon the ground of the inconve- 
nience and actual unsafety of the anchorage at this hoisterous season, 
and I directed other and the following reasons to he assigned : that 
I felt myself hound to go to Yedo, or to approach with the ships as 
near to it as possible ; that the anchorage was better higher up the 
hay, and I was desirous of securing a smooth place to anchor the 
ships, in view of stopping a leak of the Mississippi, and to examine 
the bottom of the Macedonian with the sub-marine apparatus, to see 
whether she had sustained much injury whilst on shore. 
■ They replied that Uraga was the only place at which the cenfer- 
ences could be held ; that the Emperor had issued a decree to that 
effect, and it could not be changed. 

Captain Adams at this stage of the conference sent Mr. Perry to 
communicate to me this apparent ultimatum of the Japanese; but I 
immediately ordered him back with a message, that, for reasons 
already assigned, I would not go to Uraga, but would consent to meet 
the commissioners anywhere between the American anchorage and 
Yedo ; that I would not recede from the point then occupied by the 
squadron, but would be more disposed to move higher up the bay. 
During this interview many compliments and acts of courtesy were 
interchanged between the American and Japanese officers; refresh- 
ments were served, and offers of supplies made by the latter ; but, in 
adherence to my instructions, not a single point was conceded. 

On the 15th, the same officials, accompanied by others, again vis- 
ited the Powhatan, where they were received by Captain Adams, 
assisted as before. The same arguments were urged to induce the 
removal of the ships to Uraga, but with no better success ; an offer 
was again made for supplying wood and water, and such other re- 
freshments as the ships needed, but they were told that we had abund- 
ance of provisions, though, in the course of time, we should require 
wood and water, which we would be disposed to receive as an arti- 
cle of necessity, even if they declined taking pay for it, but nothing 
else would be admitted on board the ships so long as they refused 
payment for the same ; and for reason that the government of the 
United States could well pay for whatever might be furnished to its 
navy, and would not consent to receive supplies gratuitously. 



120 CORRESPONDENCE RELATIVE TO THE 

Parties of officials visited the Powhatan on the 16th and 18th, 
ostensibly to inquire after my health, and to bring me delicacies of 
fresh oysters, eggs, confectionery, &c., but, in reality, to renew their 
arguments and persuasions for the ships to remove to Uraga, pro- 
posing, as a sort of compromise, that I should go there with one or 
two of the squadron, but I still resisted. 

I was convinced that if I receded in the least from the position first 
assumed by me, it would be considered by the Japanese an advantage 
gained; and, finding that I could be induced to change a prede- 
termined intention in one instance, they might rely on prevailing on 
me, hj dint of perseverance, to waver in most other cases pending 
the negotiations ; therefore, it seemed to be the true policy to hold 
out at all hazards, and rather to establish for myself a character for 
unreasonable obstinacy than that of a yielding disposition. I knew 
that upon the impression thus formed by them would in a measure 
hinge the tenor of our future negotiations; and the sequel will show 
that I was right in my conclusions. Indeed, in conducting all my 
business with these very sagacious and deceitful people, I have found 
it profitable to bring to my aid the experience gained in former and 
by no means limited intercourse with the inhabitants of strange lands, 
civilized and barbarian; and this experience has admonished me that, 
with people of forms, it is necessary either to set all ceremony aside, 
or to out-Herod Herod in assumed personal consequence and ostenta- 
tion. 

I have adopted the two extremes — by an exhibition of great pomp, 
when it could properly be displayed, and by avoiding it^ when such 
pomp would be inconsistent with the spirit of our institutions ; and 
never to recognise, on any occasion, the slightest personal superiority, 
always meeting the Japanese officials, however exalted their rank, 
with perfect equality^ whilst those of comparative distinction, of 
their own nation, were cringing and kneeling to them; and^ for mo- 
tives of policy, and to give greater importance to my own position, I 
have hitherto studiously kept myself aloof from intercourse with any 
of the subordinates of the court, making it known that I would com- 
municate with none but the princes of the empire. Up to this time, 
I have succeeded far beyond my expectations in maintaining this ex- 
treme point of diplomacy, and, as I believe, to very great advantage. 

That there should be no misapprehension of my intentions, I pre- 
pared and directed the following note to be read to the Japanese : 

^^U. S. Steam-Frigate Poavhatan, 
^^ American Ancliorage^ Yedo Bay, February 18, 1854. 

^^The Commodore expects to be received at Yedo agreeably to the 
customs of all countries. 

"In consideration of the size of our ships and their great value, he 
cannot return to the anchorage at Uraga, nor even remain at this 
place much longer, but will have to go higher up the bay towards 
Yedo, where the vessels can be more secure. 

' ' If the great man (chief commissioner) will appoint an officer of 
proper rank to meet Captain Adams on shore, near where the ships 



NAVAL EXPEDITION TO JAPAN. 121 

are now lying, to determine when and where the interview with the 
Commodore shall take place, he must let us know by noon of Tuesday 
next. 

" The Commodore will he happy to place a ship at the disposal of 
the great man, to bring him up to the place of interview, and take him 
back again to Uraga if he wishes it. 

''When the officer comes to meet Captain Adams, he had better 
bring a letter to show that he has proper authority, and a person 
must be sent to conduct Captain Adams to the place of meeting." 

Visits were made to the Powhatan by the officials on the 19th, 
(Sunday,) bringing with them presents of refreshments; they were 
told that the day was set apart by the Americans as their Sabbath; 
but as they had come a great distance in cold and boisterous weather 
on an errand of kindness, they would on that account be politely re- 
ceived, but in future no official intercourse would be allowed on that 
day. 

At this interview one of the principal interpreters, after the others 
had retired, took Captain Adams aside, and informed him in strict 
confidence that the Emperor had given orders to his commissioners to 
receive and entertain most favorably the propositions of the President 
presented by me, but nothing would be done to further the desired 
object unless I consented to have the meeting at Uraga. 

Peceiving no satisfactory reply to their suggestions of yesterday, 
the officials visited the Powhatan again to-day, the 20th, and were 
told that out of respect to the commissioners, who were detained at 
Uraga in expectation of seeing me, I would send Captain Adams to 
that j)lace in one of the ships to call upon them, and to assure them 
personally and by letter that I would not go there myself. Accord- 
ingly, on the 21st, the same officers came from Uraga to accompany 
Captain Adams to that place, and to introduce him to the Japanese 
commissioners. They were invited to take passage in the Yandalia, 
and did so. 

Captain Adams was the bearer of a note from me, of which the 
following is a copy: 

''U. S. Flag-Ship Powhatan, 
^^ American Anchorage, Yedo Bay, Feb. 20, 1854. 

''The undersigned is highly gratified to learn, through the officers 
of his Majesty who have visited the flag-ship, that the imperial court 
has come to the conclusion to respond, in the most cordial manner, to 
the propositions of the President of the United States which the un- 
dersigned had the honor to present in July last. 

' ' Inasmuch as the anchorage at Uraga is unsafe and inconvenient, 
and considering the great size and value of the steamers composing a 
part of the command of the undersigned, he does not consider himself 
justified in removing to that place; on the contrary, he deems it 
necessary to seek a more commodious harbor higher up the bay; and 
as his instructions direct him to present himself at Yedo, it is desira- 
ble that he should approach as near as possible to that city, as well 
for the better convenience of communication as with reference, also, to 



122 CORRESPONDENCE RELATIVE TO THE 

the arrangement and exhibition of the various presents sent by the 
President to his ^m^oerial Majesty. 

''As the mission of the undersigned is of a most friendly character, 
he is not prepared to anticipate any objection to his reception at the 
seat of goyernment, conformably to the usages of all the nations of 
Europe and America, and he hopes that when the steamers shall 
have reached the vicinity of the city, and secured more suitable moor- 
ings, he may have the honor of receiving on board his ship such dis- 
tinguished members of the Imperial court as may be desirous of view- 
ing the steamers, and witnessing the working of their machinery. 

'^This communication will be presented by Commander H. A. 
Adams, captain of the fleet, who is em230wered to receive any written 
proposition addressed to the undersigned, and place at the disposal of 
the commissioners of his Imperial Majesty one of the vessels of the 
SG[uadron. 

''With the highest respect, 

"M. C. PEEEY, 
" Commander-in-cliief U. S. Naval Forces East India, 

^' China, and Japan Seas," 

It was quite calm in the morning, and the Yandalia did not get 
under way until near noon ; but before she had reached Uraga, a 
strong gale from the southwest, and directly ahead, prevented her 
from reaching the port, making it necessary for her to anchor under 
Point Kubicon ; and Captain Adams, with his party, did not land at 
the town until the following day, the 2 2d. 

He was courteously received by one of the commissioners — Izawa, 
Prince of Mimasaki — at the pavilion erected purposely for my recep- 
tion, and, presenting my note, was told that a reply would be handed 
to him on the following day ; and after partaking of some slight re- 
freshments, he returned to the Yandalia, which he had scarcely 
reached before it again began to blow, causing much anxiety to Com- 
mander Pope, the anchorage proving very much exposed, and conse- 
quently unsafe. 

Captain Adams particularly noticed the position of the building 
erected for the meeting of the commissioners, as being placed in a 
deep gorge near to the shore, and fenced in by palisades or stakes. On 
this being told to me, I at once declared that such obstructions would , 
not have been tolerated; and Captain Adams, as he informed me, as- 
sured the Japanese that if I had landed at Uraga, my first act AvoukI 
have been to have ordered the demolition of this barricade. 

The 22d being the anniversary of the birth of Washington, all the 
ships of the squadron fired the usual salute. Many of tlie Japanese 
gentlemen came by permission on board the flag-ship to witness the 
firing, with which they were much interested^the most intelligent of 
them having heard of the name of Washington, though they had 
v^ry vague notions of his history and character. 

. As I had little hope of any favorable result from this visit of Cap- 
tain Adams, I determined to put my threat in execution, from which 
I anticipated much advantage, and actually removed the squadron 
during his absence to within sight of Yedo — so near, indeed, that we 
could distinctly hear the striking of the city bells dui'ing the night. 



NAYAL EXPEDITION TO JAPAN. 123 

I may as well remark liere^tliat from the moment of the anchoring 
of the squadron in the hay, the surveying hoats were actively em- 
ployed in exploring the upper part of this magnificent sheet of water — 
magnificent heyond anything of the kind I have ever hefore seen. 

As a measure of precaution, these hoats always sounded in advance 
of the ships ; and when the Yandalia, with Captain Adams on hoard, 
charged with the reply of the Japanese commissioners to inj letter, 
had rejoined the flag-ship, the hoats were absent engaged in further 
explorations towards the city ; and though this letter intimated the 
impossibility of holding the conference at any other place than Uraga, 
it had not been in my hands an hour before Kay am a Yezaimon, Grov- 
ernor of Uraga, made his appearance on board the Powhatan with the 
alleged object of receiving a reply from me, but, as it will appear, for 
another purpose. 

Here follows a translation of the letter of the commissioner : 

^' To Admiral 31. C. Perry: 

^' The undersigned, ambassadors of the Emperor of Japan, have 
perused and understood the letter of the lord admiral, and in reply 
may remark: 

''The lord admiral is right in going iip to Yedo, to be received 
there according to the custom in Europe and America. According 
to the Japanese custom, ambassadors are commissioned, and a building 
erected for the reception of ambassadors from foreign countries in a 
friendly manner and with high consideration. 

''The Emperor has sent us to Uraga to receive the admiral with the 
highest honor, and to extend the Japanese hospitality towards him, 
and have the interview at that place in compliance with the order of 
the Emperor, regardless of the customs of foreign countries. 

"We wish this to be well understood: we d.esire the admiral to 
come to Uraga, there to have the interview with us in the building 
aforesaid, and would gratefully acknowledge the friendly meeting of 
the lord admiral in complying with this order of the Emperor and 
our own wishes. 

"Our best wishes for the health of the admiral. 

" HAYASHI-DAIOAKU-NO-KAMI. 

''The 21th Siogoots, 1854." 

Yezaimon first commenced by inquiring whether I was still deter- 
mined not to return to Uraga ; and being answered in the affirmative, 
he again offered supplies, and was again told that we would receive 
wood and water ; to which he said that the searticles would be cheer- 
fnlly furnished, but they could only be obtained at Uraga ; and he was 
informed, by my order, that it was a matter of indifference to me from 
whence they came, as I should not go to Uraga ; and if the Japanese 
did not bring water to us, I would send on shore and procure it, by 
some means. 

Seeing that I was immovable in purpose, and evidently inclined to 
approach nearer to Yedo, he suddenly abandoned the previously as- 
sumed ultimatum of the commissioners, as to the place of meeting, and 
suggested, as a substitute, a very convenient spot directly opposite the 



124 CORRESPONDENCE RELATIVE TO THE 

ships. To tills proposition I at once acceded, tlie situation suiting 
my views, in all respects, being near to Tedo, with safe and commo- 
dious anchorage at a mile distant from the shore, and affording 
abundant space for the landing and preparing of the presents. 

Now let us look into the deceitful conduct of these people. For the 
last ten days they have interposed all possible objections to the move- 
ment of the ships higher up the bay, and endeavored, by every means^ 
to persuade me to return to Uraga ; and when they found that I could 
not be deceived by their cajolery, and had actually approached within 
eight miles of the capital, they suddenly abandoned the position from 
which they so often assured me they could not be moved, and pro- 
posed unconditionally to concede what I had with equal but more 
successful pertinacity contended for. 

Before deciding positively upon accepting this last proposal, I sent 
Commander Adams with other officers to examine the place last ap- 
pointed for the conference, who soon returned with a most favorable 
report. The surveying boats shortly after came in with information 
that they had found six fathoms of water within four miles of Yedo. 
This intelligence at once gave me the clue to the sudden change of 
policy of the Japanese ; but as I had never entertained the idea of 
abandoning the intention of getting as near with the ships to this 
famed capital as the depth of water would allow, and as the place of 
meeting last proposed suited exactly, I was satisfied with the arrange- 
ment, and accordingly prepared the following letter, to be presented 
to the commissioners on the first day of meeting, as a reply to the 
one addressed to me from Uraga, and sent by Captain Adams : 

^'U. S. Flag-Ship Powhatax, 
^'At anchor off the toivn of Yoku-hama, Yedo Bay, March 1, 1854. 

' ^^YouR Excellej^cy: The letter of your excellency from Uraga was 
duly delivered by Captain Adams ; and shortly after, when it was as- 
certained that I could not agree to return to Uraga, Kayama Yezai- 
mon suggested that the negotiations might be conducted at a village 
opposite the j)resent anchorage of the squadron. 

"Being exceedingly desirous of meeting the wishes of your excel- 
lency, in every way consistent with the honor and interest of my 
country, and learning that the place pointed out was in all respects 
convenient for the purpose, I at once consented to defer my visit to 
Yedo until after the completion of the negotiations. 

"I the more readily entered into this arrangement, as, on exam- 
ination of the port by the surveying boats, it has been found that the 
ships can approach near to the city, where I propose at some future 
time to anchor them, as well to do honor to his Imperial Majesty by 
salutes, &c., as to be in full view of the palace, and convenient to be 
visited by such of the court as may desire to examine the steamers and 
their machinery, and I hardly need say that they will be kindly and 
politely received. 

''With the most profound respect, 

''M. C. PERRY, 
^^Commander-in-chief TJ. S. Naval Forces East India, China, 

and Japan Seas, and Special Ambassador to Japan. 

His Highness Hayashi-Daigaku-no-kami, ct'c, &c., dc. 



NAVAL EXPEDITION TO JAPAN. 125 

It struck me that it was better to have no treaty than one that would 
in the least compromise the dignity of the American character, and 
to agree to any arrangement that would recognise, in the remotest 
degree, the restrictions submitted to by the Dutch, could not for a 
moment be thought of. 

As soon as the weather would permit, the surveying boats were sent 
to examine the anchorage opposite the place agreed upon for the con- 
ference and the erection of another council-house ; and after receiving a 
favorable report, I directed the squadron to be moored in a line abreast, 
within a mile of Yoku-hama, and covering with their heavy guns an 
extent of shore of five miles. 

On anchoring, we observed great numbers of workmen busily em- 
ployed in the erection of a large irregular edifice, intended as a sub- 
stitute for the one abandoned at Uraga. 

^ It is probable that arrogance may be charged against me for per- 
sisting as I did, and against the judgment of all about me, in changing 
the place of conference, and thus compelling four Princes of the Em- 
pire to follow the squadron, and subjecting the government to the 
trouble and expense of erecting another building ; but I was simply 
adhering to a course of policy determined on after mature reflection, 
and which had hitherto worked so well. 

The ships had not been long at anchor before a number of the Ja- 
panese ofiicials came on board the fiag-ship, and stated that the Im- 
perial commissioners would be ready to receive me so soon as the build- 
ing should be finished. 

^ They made daily visits to the ship, and brought me the names of the 
dignitaries who have been empowered by the Emperor to meet me. 

Here follow their names and titles : 

Hayashi, (Daigaku-no-kami,) member of council. 

Ido, Prince of Tsu-Sima. 

Izawa, Prince of Mima-saki. 

Udono, (Mimbu-Shiyoyu,) member of board of revenue. 

Subsequently a fifth, Matsusaki Michitaro, was added to the num- 
ber ; so that, being myself alone, the odds were as one to ^ye. 

It was not long before the building was completed and furnished, 
and I was duly notified that the five commissioners would be ready to 
receive me on Wednesday, the 8th of March, at noon. Accordingly, 
every preparation was made in the squadron to distinguish the occa- 
sion of our second landing in Japan by all necessary parade, knowing, 
as I well did, the importance and moral influence of such show. 

At 11.30 a. m. on the day appointed, the escort, consisting of about 
nve hundred officers, seamen, and marines, fully armed, embarked in 
twenty-seven barges, in command of Commander Buchanan, and form- 
ing a line abreast, pulled in good order to the shore. The escort 
having landed and drawn up, I followed in my barge under an appro- 
priate salute, and landing, was received by the escort and a party of 
Japanese officials, and conducted to the hall prepared for the confer- 
ence, where I found in waiting the five commissioners, and was invited 
to be seated opposite the chief personage. 

At this moment salutes were fired, from the howitzers mounted in 
the launches, of twenty-one guns, in honor of the Emperor; and seven- 



126 CORRESPONDENCE RELATIVE TO THE 

teen for tlie Japanese commissioners. This display in landing was 
made altogether for purposes of policy, in accordance with the reasons 
already assigned. 

After suitable interchanges of courtesy, I was requested to retire, 
with my suite, to an inner apartment, where the necessary business 
could be conducted undisturbed. Accordingly, accompanied by the 
captain of the fleet, the two interpreters, and my secretary, I with- 
drew with the commissioners to an adjoining room, separated from 
the principal hall by a flag suspended across the entrance. Kefresh- 
ments having been served, a reply to the letter of the President pre- 
sented in July last was handed to me and translated from the Dutch 
by Mr. Portman, and I replied to it verbally. I then handed to the 
chief commissioner a draught of a treaty, which I had previously pre- 
pared, as the basis of one which I was desirous of negotiating with 
the Imperial government. This was accompanied by three other 
papers — one being a reply to the communication of the chief commis- 
sioner adressed to me from Uraga, a copy being appended and marked 
B ; another a statement of my views with respect to the j)olicy of 
bringing about a mutually advantageous compact between the United 
States and Japan, a copy also appended and marked C ; and the third 
a memorandum, likev/ise appended and marked D, in further expla- 
nation of the motives which would govern me in conducting the nego- 
tiations, and asking for certain relaxations of the Japanese laws with 
respect to the squadron. 

As it would happen, a marine belonging to the Mississippi had died 
two days before this conference, and the very first matter to be dis- 
cussed was the suitable interment of the body. I had apprehended 
much difficulty upon this point, and had in my own mind determined, if 
the Japanese persisted in forbidding the interment within either of their 
numerous burial places, to have effected the object, let what might 
occur, upon the small island called in our charts ^'Webster island," 
and lying convenient to the '' American anchorage." I was pretty 
well satisfied that once the body was in the ground, it would not be 
disturbed; and as others of the squadron might die during our stay, 
it would be a very appropriate place of interment for all; and I was 
moreover anxious, for special reasons, to acquire an interest in this 
island to subserve some ulterior objects. 

The proposition seemed to perplex the Japanese commissioners, and 
after some consultation they retired to discuss the question alone ; and 
on leaving, requested that in their absence we might partake of a 
few Japanese dishes. 

I observed that we should be most happy to do so, but it would be | 
more consonant to our notions of hospitality if the commissioners (j 
v/ere to join us, as the breaking of bread together was, amongst many li| 
nations, considered an evidence of friendship. They replied that they 
were unacquainted with foreign customs, but would cheerfully join 
us. Upon this they all retired; but shortly after, the second and third 
in rank of the number returned and the collation was served, and all 
went off in apparent kindness and good nature. 

It was not long before the entire board was again in session, and a 
written reply to my request respecting the interment presented by 



NAVAL EXPEDITION TO JAPAN. 127 

i the cliief commissioner, and to tlie purport that, as a temple had been 
I set apart at Nangasaki for the interment of strangers, it would be 
] necessary that I should send the body to Uraga, whence, at a conve- 
!| nient season, it might be conveyed in a Japanese junk to the former 
: named place. To this I objected, remarking that undisturbed resting- 
i places for the dead were granted by all nations, and then proposed to 
I send boats and inter the body at Webster island ; but to this they 
i| evinced strong objections, and, after considerable discussion amongst 
i themselves, finally consented to allow the interment to take place at 
I Yoku-hama, at a spot adjoining one of their temples, and in view of 
I the ships; and they observed that, as the novelty of the scene might 
I attract an inconvenient crowd, the authorities v/culd send on board 
,1 the Mississippi in the morning an officer to accompany the funeral 
' party. 

' _ Accordingly, on the following day, one of the interpreters made 
his appearance, and the corpse was taken on shore, in the usual man- 
i ner, and placed in a grave near to a Japanese temple, with all reli- 
' gious ceremony, conformably to the forms of the Episcopal church ; 
since which, a neat enclosure of bamboo has been put up by the Jap- 
anese authorities. 

The day after the c nference, a formal reply to the letter of the 
President was sent to me, together v/ith a Dutch translation — an 
English translation of which is aj^pended marked E, as also a copy of 
my reply, marked F. 

It will be seen that the Imperial government is prepared to concede 
much more than was anticipated by many ; but entertaining the opin- 
ion that something still more advantageous might be gained, I thought 
it good policy to hold out for a specific treaty. 

In delivering the reply to the letter of the President, they stated 
that the commissioners would be ready for receiving the presents on 
Monday, the 13th. Accoidingly, they were landed with much cere- 
mony by a detachment of twentj^-four boats, in command of Captain 
I Abbot, and safely placed in a building adjoining the conference-house, 
j and engineers and operatives were sent from the ships to put together 
j and arrange the various articles preparatory to the work of instruct- 
j ing the Japanese in their several uses. 

I On the 13th, the day the presents were landed, I sent a message to 
j the commissioners requesting them to meet me at the conference- 
! house on the 15th, to discuss the several articles of the treaty which 
I they had submitted for my approval and signature. They replied 
I that they should be much employed until Thursday, and suggested 
I that day as more convenient, provided it was fair, the messenger re- 
I marking that the Japanese did not like to expose themselves to bad 
i weather. 

I It stornied on Thursday, and consequently the meeting did not take 
I place until the following day, the 17th, the commissioners arriving 
I about noon from Kana-ga-wa, in a mignificent barge, or rather gal- 
i ley, covered with banners. 

I On landing, I was conducted immediately to the private room set 
! apart for the discussion, and we at once proceeded to business. A 
j paper, written in Dutch, was now presented, similar in purport to the 



128 CORRESPONDENCE RELATIVE TO THE 

one wliicli had heen previously sent me in tlie Chinese language ; from 
the latter version Mr. Williams had made an English translation, 
which, being compared with the Dutch copy, may he read, with the 
replies respectively submitted by me, as follows : 

PROPOSITIONS OF JAPANESE COMmSSIONERS, WITH REPLIES OF COMMODORE 

PERRY. 

First Japanese proposition. 

From the next first month, wood, water, provisions, coal, and other 
things, the productions of this country, that American ships may 
need*^ can be had at Nangasald; and after five years from this, a port 
in another principality shall be opened for ships to go to. 

^OTE. — Those articles to be charged at the same prices that are 
charged to the Dutch and Chinese, and to be paid for in gold and 
silver coin. 

Commodore Perry's reply. 

Agreed to ; but one or more ports must be substituted for Nanga- 
saki,''as that is out of the route of American commerce ; and the time 
for the opening of the ports to be agreed upon must be immediate, or 
within a space of sixty days. The manner of paying for articles re- 
ceived shall be arranged by treaty. 

Second Japanese proposition. 

Upon whatever part of the coast people may be shipwrecked, those 
people and their property shall be sent to Nangasaki by sea. 

Note.— When, after five years shall have expired, and another har- 
bor shah be opened, those shipwrecked men will be sent either there 
or to Nangasaki, as may be most convenient. 

Commodore Perry's reply. 

Agreed to, excepting as to the port to which the shipwrecked men 
are to be carried. 

Third Japanese proposition. 

I 

It being impossible for us to ascertain who are pirates and who are 
not, such men shall not be allowed to walk about wherever they please. 

Commodore Perry's reply. 

Shipwrecked men and others who may resort to the ports of Japan 
are not to be confined, and shall enjoy all the freedom granted to Japa- 
nese, and be subject to no further restraints. They shall, however, 
be held amenable to just laws, or such as may be agreed upon by 
treaty. 



NAVAL EXPEDITION TO JAPAN. 129 

It is altogetlier inconsistent with justice, that persons thrown by 
the providence of God upon the shores of a friendly nation should he 
looked upon and treated as pirates, before any proof shall be 2:iven of 
their being so; and the continuance of the treatment which has hith- 
erto been visited upon strangers, will no longer be tolerated by the 
government of the United States, so far as Americans are concerned. 

Fourth Ja;panese proposition. 

At N'angasaki they shall have no intercourse with the Dutch and 
Chinese. 

Commodore Perry's reply. 

The Americans will never submit to the restrictions which have 
been imposed upon the Dutch and Chinese, and any further allusion 
to such restraints will be considered offensive. 

Fifth Japanese proposition. 

After the other port is opened, if there be any other sort of articles 
wanted or business which requires to be arranged, there shall be 
carelul deliberation between the parties in order to settle them. 

Commodore Perry's reply. 
Agreed to, so far as it applies to ports other than :N'angasaki. 
Sixth Japanese proposition. 

Lew-Chew is a very distant country, and the opening of its harbor 
cannot be discussed by us. 

Commodore Perry's reply. 

As there can be no good reason why the Americans should not com- 
municate Ireely with Lew-Chew, this point is insisted on. 

Seventh Japanese proposition. 

Matsmai is also a very distant country, and belongs to its Prince* 
this cannot be settled now, but a definite answer on this, subject shall 
be given when the ships are expected next spring. 

Commodore Perry's reply. 

The same with respect to the port of Matsmai, for- our whalino-- 
ships, steamers, and other vessels. ® 

These propositions and replies were consecutively discussed the 
commissioners interposing all possible difficulties, contending 'that 
the laws of the empire were of such a character as positively forbade 
JirX. Doc. 34 9 



130 CORRESPONDENCE RELATIVE TO THE 

the concessions I demanded, and remarking that Nangasaki was set 
apart for the admission of strangers ; that the inhabitants and author- 
ities of that city had been trained to enforce the laws with respect to 
foreigners ; and if the Americans were to have another port assigned 
to them, five years would he required to make similar preparations. 

I replied that that was one of my reasons for objecting to this port — 
that its inhabitants and authorities, having been so long accustomed 
to the servility of foreigners, would doubtless exact more from the 
Americans than they would be inclined to submit to, and serious con- 
sequences would follow; and, moreover, it should be well understood 
that my countrymen visiting Japan must be free from all those op- 
pressive laws which have hitherto been enforced upon strangers ; in a 
word, I would not think of accepting Nangasaki as one of the ports. 

I told them that I should expect, in the course of time, five ports 
to be opened to the American flag ; but, at present, would be content 
with three, as follows : One in the island of Niphon, and suggested 
either Uraga or Kagosima; another in Jesso, (Matsmai;) and a third 
in Lew-Chew, (Napa-Keang ;) and would defer all discussion in re- 
spect to the other two to some future time. 

To this, after many evasions, they answered, that as I positively 
refused to accept Nangasaki, and having themselves objections to the 
selection of Uraga, they proposed the port of Simoda, in the princi- 
pality of Idzu, as one in every way suitable and convenient; remark- 
ing, at the same time, that Lew- Chew was a distant dependency, 
over which the Crown had limited control, and, consequently, they 
could not entertain the proposition ; that Matsmai also stood very 
much in the same relation to the Imperial government. 

Notwithstanding all these objections, I still persisted in my de- 
mands ; and seeing me determined to hold out, they proposed to retire 
to another room to consult upon the matter. 

After an absence of an hour, the whole board again convened in 
the council-room, and gave, as the result of their deliberations, that 
longer time would be required to decide upon the expediency of open- 
ing the port of Matsmai. 

They further remarked, that it was not in the power of the Crown 
to grant the required privilege of this port without consulting the 
Prince under whose hereditary right it was governed ; that to do this 
would require a year, at the expiration of which time they would be 
prepared to give a reply. I told them I could not leave Japan with- 
out a reply of some sort ; that if the Prince to whom they referred 
was an independent sovereign, I would go to Matsmai and negotiate 
with him. Finally, the interview ended by their saying that they 
would give me a definite answer on Thursday, the 23d. 

Before adjourning, however, it was agreed that one or more vessels 
of the squadron should be despatched to the port of Simoda, to be met 
by a Japanese officer of rank, for the purpose of examining the har- 
bor, in view of determining its fitness for the required purposes, it 
being clearly understood that if it did not answer my expectations in 
all respects, I should insist on another somewhere in the southern 
part of Niphon. 

The position of this port as a stopping-place for steamers and other 



NAVAL EXPEDITION TO JAPAN. 131 

vessels plying between California and China, and for whaling-ships 
cruising in this part of the Japan seas, could not be more desirable, 
lying, as it does, just within Cape Idzu, or Nogatsura, with a clear 
and open navigation towards the sea. It is easy of access, and vessels 
would be taken but a short distance from their route ii* resorting to 
it. The commissioners represent it as safe, commodious, and conve- 
nient for obtaining such supplies as the country can furnish, which 
are limited, owing to the remarkable abstemiousness of the Japanese 
in the use of animal food. 

However, I may expect, on the return of the vessels which are to 
be despatched to examine the port, an account sufficiently accurate to 
enable me to decide whether or not to accept it. 

Matsmai is equally convenient in position for vessels passing more 
to the north, and through the Straits of Sangar, a vicinity much fre- 
quented by our whalers ; and it is a question whether, in making the 
passage from San Francisco to Shanghai, this may not be the nearest, 
though certainly not the safest route. 

The department has already been fully informed by me of the su- 
perior advantage of securing a port in Lew-Chew. 

Thus, if I succeed in obtaining free access to the required ports in 
Japan, we shall have three very convenient places of resort and re- 
freshment for our ships, nearly equidistant from eaoh other, and 
belonging to an em-pire from which our flag has hitherto been by law 
excluded. 

Peel island, one of the Benin group, would make the fourth. 

Before separating from the commissioners, I called their attention 
to the details of our conversation, remarking that my secretary had 
taken full notes, and suggested that, to prevent mistakes, they should 
send me a written statement of their understanding of the verbal 
agreements already arranged between us. To this proposition they 
at once assented ; and, accordingly, the chief interpreter brought on 
board a paper, of which the following is a translation, strongly indi- 
cative, it would seem, of the good faith in which they intend to act. 

Japanese statement of points agreed upon in the intervieio of Commodore. 
Perry ivith the Japanese commissioners on the Vjth of March y 1854, 
appended and marked G. 

1st. The citizens of the United States will not submit to degrada- 
tions like those imposed upon the Dutch and Chinese, in their con- 
finement at Nangasaki ; that place is not convenient for ships to resort 
to, and does not answer the purpose. 

2d. Lew-Chew is a very distant country, and a definite answer 
cannot be given. 

3d, Matsmai is a very distant place, and belongs to a prince. This 
point cannot be settled now ; some time will be required for negotia- 
tion, until the first month of our next year ; because the concurrence 
of the central government and of the Prince of that country are both 
necessary to effect a result ; a negotiation of the admiral with that 
Prince, therefore, would be to no purpose. 

It was stated that an answer had better be given at once. There 
was time enough to have that harbor opened by the above-mentioned 



132 CORRESPONDENCE RELATIVE TO THE 

time ; that it was not probable that in tlie first years that harbor 
would be resorted to by many ships, because some time would be re- 
quired to communicate this decision to the governmentj and to have 
it generally known. 

In consideration thereof, it was agreed that a final answer should 
be given on the 23d of March, (the 26th of the Japanese month.) 

It being mentioned, that besides Lew-Chew and Matsmai, more 
harbors in Niphon would be required, it was suggested that the har- 
bor of Simoda could be opened for the ships of the United States, and 
agreed that two ships of the squadron would sail on the 19th of March 
to make a survey of that harbor; and, further, that some Japanese 
ofiicers, to go by land, would arrive at that place on the 22d instant, 
and that the captains of those ships would await the arrival of those 
officers before proceeding to survey, permit any one to land, &c. 

That shipwrecked men should meet with kind treatment, and be 
free as in other countries. 

Agreement made upon due consideration: 

Wednesday, March 22. — The chief interpreter visited the Powhatan 
' to-day, to inform me, that owing to an error in referring to the Ja^ 
panese calendar, a mistake had been made as to the next day of meet- 
ing of the commissioners, on which occasion I was to have had a 
definitive answer with respect to Matsmai ; but inasmuch as such an- 
swer was promised on the 23d, it would be sent on board ; and the 
day succeeding, the commissioners would be prepared to receive me 
on shore, and to present, in due form, the return presents from the 
Emperor, t@ be sent to the United States. 

The chief interpreter also informed me that the commissioners had 
appointed Saturday, the 25th, to dine with me on board the flag-ship, 
in accordance with my invitation, and request that they would fix a 
day. To this I suggested that as Saturday might prove stormy, and 
our Sabbath following, on which day I could not receive company, I 
would prefer to have the honor of their presence on Monday, and it 
was so arranged. 

Thursday , March 23. — The chief interpreter, according to appoint- 
ment, came on board the Powhatan to-day, accompanied by several 
other ofiicials, and brought the reply of the commissioners to my 
demand for the opening of a port for the admission of American ves- 
sels in the Straits of Sangar, island of Matsmai or Yesso. 

The document was written in the Japanese, Chinese, and Dutch 
languages, and the one in Japanese signed by the four principal 
commissioners. Here follows a translation from the Dutch, and 
another from the Chinese may be found in the appendix, lettered H. 

^' Ships of the United States of North America in want of provis- 
ions, wood, and water, shall be supplied in the harbor of 'Hakodadi,'* 
as has been desired. Some time will be required to make prepara- 
tions, inasmuch as this harbor is very distant ; consequently a com- 
mencement can be made the 7th month of next year, (the 17th Sep- 
tember, 1855.) Kaei Sitzinen Nigoats. (March 23, 1854.) 

'' Seals attached by order of the high gentlemen. 
f ' ' MOR Y AM A EINOSKE . ' ' 

* This is Bear to the city of Matsmai, and has a better harbor. M. C. P. 



NAVAL EXPEDITION TO JAPAN. 133 

I informed tlie interpreter that I would consent to the proposition 
of the commissioners assigning this port, in the island of Matsmai or 
Yesso, as a northern port of resort for American ships, provided, on 
examination, it proved to he equal to the favorable description he 
gave of it^ and the time for throwing it open should he fixed at an 
earlier period ; and further remarked, that I would discuss these mat- 
ters with the commissioners at our next business interview. 

Hakodadi is situated at the eastern entrance of the Straits of San- 
gar, in about forty-two degrees north latitude, and is in all respects 
convenient, in geographical position, as a stopping-place for our 
whaling-ships cruising in that region — many of them passing annu- 
ally through this channel into the sea of Japan, in pursuit of whales. 

Von Siebold states that sixty-eight square-rigged vessels were 
counted by the Japanese as passing Hakodadi and Matsmai in one 
year — nearly all, it is presumed, American — and not one daring to 
approach the shore within gunshot. 

Golownin also refers to it as follows: 

^'The city of Hakodadi, the second in magnitude on the island, is 
situated on its southern coast, on the declivity of a high circular hill, 
which rises above the peninsula there formed ; it is washed on the 
south by the bay of Sangar, on the north and west by the bay of Ha- 
kodadi, which is very convenient for receiving a large fleet. The pe- 
ninsula forms its junction on the east by a narrow strip of land, so 
that there is at once a view of both the open sea and the low grounds.'' 

The necessity of despatching the Susquehanna early in the morning 
to enable her to get clear of the bay before dark, makes it proper that 
I should bring this paper to a close. 

Details of all future transactions during the remainder of the stay 
of the squadron in these seas will be continued in the same form. 

And I may remark, in conclusion, that in the short time we have 
been in this bay, about five weeks, we have conciliated, in a great de- 
gree, the confidence of the authorities and people ; have established a 
magnetic telegraph upon the land, almost as perfect as any in the 
world, a mile in a direct line, by which words in English, Dutch, and 
Japanese, have already been conveyed; have laid down the entire 
railroad track sent from the United States^ and put the steam-engine^, 
tender, and cars, in excellent practical operation^ carrying round the 
circle many of the astonished natives ; have exhibited and explained 
the use of numerous useful inventions of our country, especially im- 
plements of husbandry; and all without the occurrence of the slightest 
unfriendly act from either side. 

Respectfully submitted: 

M. C. PERKY, 
U. S. Flag-Ship Powhatan^ off the toivn of Yoku-hama, 

Yedo Bay, Japan, March 23, 1854. 



134 CORRESPONDENCE RELATIVE TO THE 

B. 

U. S. Flag-Ship Powhatajt, 
At anchor off the village of Yoku-hama, 

Yedo Bay, March 1, 1854. 

Your Excellency: The letter of your excellency from Uraga was 
duly delivered to me by Captain Adams, and shortly after, when it 
was ascertained that I could not agree to return to Uraga, Kayama 
Yezaimon suggested that the negotiations might be conducted at a 
village opposite the present anchorage of the squadron. 

Being exceedingly desirous of meeting the wishes of your excel- 
lency in every way consistent with the honor and interest of my coun- 
try, and learning that the place pointed out was in all respects conve- 
nient for the purpose^ I at once consented to defer my visit to Yedo 
until after the completion of the negotiations. 

I the more readily entered into this arrangement, as on examination 
of the port hj the surveying boats it has been found that the ships 
can approach near to the city, where I propose at some future time to 
anchor them, as well to do honor to his Imperial Majesty by salutes, 
&c., as to be in full view of the palace, and convenient also to be vis- 
ited by such of the court as may desire to examine the steamers and 
their machinery ; and I hardly need say that they will be kindly and 
politely received. 

With the most profound respect, 

M. C. PEERY, 
Commander-m-chief U. S. Naval Forces East India, China, 

and Japan Seas, and Special Ambassador to Japan. 

His Highness Hayashi-Daigaku-no-kami, dc, &c 



Unitep States Flag-Ship Powhatax, 
Yedo Bay, off the toivn of Yoku-hama, March 1, 1854. 

Your Excellency : In presenting for the consideration of your high- 
■ness the accompanying draught of a treaty, which, in all its essential 
features, is identical with that at present subsisting between the 
United States and China, I again venture to urge upon the imperial 
government of Japan the importance of establishing a friendly under- 
standing with the nation which I have the honor on this occasion to 
represent. 

It would bo needless in me to reiterate the arguments already ad- 
vanced in support of a measure so fraught with the best interests of 
the two nations, and so necessary to the peace and prosperity of Japan. 

I have in a former communication remarked that the President of 
the United States entertains the strongest desire, and cherishes a 
most fervent hope, that the mission which he has intrusted to my 
charge may result in the accomplishment of a treaty mutually bene- 
ficial, aiid tending to avert, by timely negotiation, the consequences 
that would otherwise grow out of collisions certain to arise, should 



NAVAL EXPEDITION TO JAPAN. 135 

the present undefined relations between the two countries much longer 
continue. 

In the increasing number of American ships almost daily passing 
and repassing the territories of Japan, the President is apprehensive of 
the occurrence of some further act of hostility towards the unoffending' 
citizens of the United States who may be thrown by misfortune upon 
your shores, and hence his wish to establish a treaty of friendship, which 
shall give assurance of the discontinuance of a course of policy, on the 
part of the Japanese, altogether at variance with the usages of other 
nations, and no longer to be tolerated by the United States. 

As an evidence of the friendly intentions of the President, and to 
pay the highest honor to his Imperial Majesty, he has sent me in 
command of a number of ships — to be increased by others which are to 
follow — not only to bear to his Majesty the letter which I have already 
presented, but to evince, by every suitable act of kindness, the cordial 
feelings entertained by him towards Japan. 

That there might be sufficient time allowed for a full consideration 
of the just and reasonable demands of the President, I took upon my- 
self to withdraw the ships in July last from the coast, and have now, 
after an absence of seven months, returned, in the full expectation of 
a most satisfactory arrangement. 

Another proof of the friendly disposition of the President has been 
given in his sending for exhibition to the Imperial court three of the 
magnificent steamers of the United States, of which there are many 
thousands, large and small, in America ; and he has also sent, for pre- 
sentation to the Emperor, many specimens of the most useful inven- 
tions of our country. 

Therefore, after kll these demonstrations of good will, it would be 
strange if the Japanese government did not seize upon this very 
favorable occasion to secure a friendly intercourse with a people anx- 
ious to prevent, by wise and prudent foresight, all causes of future 
misunderstanding and strife. 

It will be observed that there is no western nation so intimately 
connected with the peace and welfare of Japan as the United States, 
a part of whose territory lies opposite the Imperial coast, and whose 
commerce covers the Pacific ocean and Japan seas ; not less than five 
hundred large ships being engaged exclusively in those regions in 
pursuit of whales, the crews of many of which suffer for want of 
water and other refreshments ; and it would seem nothing more than 
common humanity to receive those who may seek shelter in the ports 
of Japan with kindness and hospitality. 

The government of China has derived much benefit from its treaty 
with the United States. The purchase oi'teas by the Americans du- 
ring the present year will amount to three million six hundred thou- 
sand (3,600,000) taels, and of raw and m?.nufactured silks to nearly 
three millions (3,000,000) of taels. 

Nearly thirty thousand subjects of the Emperor of China have 
visited America, where they have been kindly received, and permitted 
by the American laws to engage in whatever occupation best suited 
them. They have also he^h allowed to erect temples, and to enjoy in 
all freedom their religious rites. All have accuiiTulated money, and 



136 CORRESPONDENCE RELATIVE TO THE 

some have returned to China, after a short absence, with sums vary- 
ing from 300 to 10,000 taels. 

I have adverted to these facts merely to show the advantages that 
would grow out of such a treaty as I now propose, and to remark 
again that some amicable arrangement between the two nations has 
become positively necessary, and for reasons already explained. 

Indeed, I shall not dare to return to the United States without 
carrying with me satisfactory responses to all the proposals of the 
President, and I must remain until such are placed in my possession. 
With the most profound respect, 

M. C. PERRY, 
Commander-in-chief U. S. Naval Forces East India, 

China, and Japan Seas, and special 
Ambassador to Japan, 

His Highness Hayashi-Daigaku-no-kami, dc, &c. 



D. 

Note handed to First Commissioner on Wednesday, 3Iarch 8, and ver- 
bally discussed, through the interpreters, at the time. 

The American ambassador learns with pleasure that the Japanese 
government is disposed to enter into some friendly arrangement with 
the United States. As such is happily the case, it would be much 
more advantageous to both nations, and especially to Japan, if a 
treaty is agreed upon, even if it be of short duration ; for reason that 
the citizens and subjects of both the contracting powers would be 
mutually bound by law to conform to all its stipulations, and thus 
prevent mistakes and consequent disputes. 

This is the practice with all other nations ; and such is the present 
condition of the world, that these treaties have become necessary to 
avert contention and war. The obligations to conform to them are 
enjoined as well by considerations of honor, as the preservation of 
the peace and prosperity of the respective countries ; and it would be 
impossible for the western nations to preserve friendly intercourse if 
it were not for similar treaties. 

Although we have abundance of prepared provisions in the squad- 
ron, it would be desirable to obtain daily supplies of fresh meet, vege- 
tables, &c., for which we would pay the prices demanded. Wood 
and water will, of course, be wanted, and for a supply of which we 
shall be thankful. 

The health of the officers and men require tliat they should have 
exercise on shore ; and tho igh I have hitherto, out of respect to the 
Japanese laws, forbidden any one to land except for purposes of duty, 
I feel assured that some arrangement will be made to admit of some 
reasonable intercourse with the neighborhood. 

Copies of the surveys which the officers are employed in making 
will be presented to tb/e Imperial governi\ient ; and, to make them 
more perfect, it will be necessary to place sigcjil-poles at some points 



NAVAL EXPEDITION TO JAPAN. 137 

t 

on sliore by whicli to measure tlie angles; therefore it is requested 
that the officers landing for such purposes may not he molested. 

It is thought that the business of the negotiation would be facili- 
tated by submitting the several questions and replies that may arise 
in writing. 

M. C. PEERY. 



E. 

Translation of answer to the letter of the President to the Emperor of 

Japan. 

^'The return of your excellency, as ambassador of the United 
State to this empire, has been expected according to the letter of his 
Majesty the President, which letter your excellency delivered last year 
to his Majesty the Emperor of this empire. 

'^It is quite impossible to give satisfactory answers at once to all 
the proposals of your government, as it is most positively forbidden by 
the laws of our Imperial ancestors ; but for us to continue attached to 
the ancient laws, seems to misunderstand the spirit of the age: how- 
ever, we are governed now by imperative necessity. 

^'At the visit of your excellency last year to this empire, his 
Majesty the former Emperor was sick, and is now dead. Subsequently, 
his Majesty the present Emperor ascended the throne ; the many occu- 
pations in consequence thereof are not yet finished, and there is no 
time to settle other business thoroughly. Moreover, his Majesty the 
new Emperor, at the succession to the throne, promised to the princes 
and high officers of the empire to observe the laws. It is therefore 
evident that he cannot now bring about any alteration in the ancient 
laws. 

''Last autumn, at the departure of the Dutch ship, the superintend- 
ent of the Dutch trade in Japan was requested to inform your gov- 
ernment of this event, and a reply in writing has been received. 

''At Nangasaki arrived recently the Russian ambassador to commu- 

I nicate a wish of his government. He has since left the said place, 

I because no answer would be given to whatever nation that might com- 

i municate similar wishes. However, we admit the urgency, and shall 

1 entirely comply with the proposals of your government concerning 

j coal, wood, water, provisions, and the saving of ships and their crews in 

distress. After being informed which harbor your excellency selects, 

that harbor shall be prepared, which preparation it is estimated will 

take about five years. ' Meanwhile a commencement can be made with 

the coal at Nangasaki by the next Japanese first month (Siogoots,) — 

(16th of February, 1855.) 

"Having no precedent with respect to coal, we request your excel- 
lency to furnish us with an estimate, and upon due consideration this 
will be complied with, if not in opposition to our laws. What do you 
understand by provisions, and how much coal? 

"Finally, anything ships may be in want of that can be furnished 



138 CORRESPONDENCE RELATIVE TO THE 

from the production of this empire shall he supplied. The prices of 
merchandise and articles of harter to he fixed hy Kurakawa Kahei 
and Moryama Yenoske. After settling the points hefore mentioned, 
the treaty can he concluded and signed at the next interview. 
^' Seals attached hy order of the high gentlemen. 

^'MOPvYAMA YENOSKE." 



F. 

U. S. Flag-Ship Powhatan, 
At anchor off the toiun of Yoku-hama, 

Yedo Bay, March 10, 1854. 

Your Highness : In reply to the communication of your highness, 
which was hrought to me yesterday by Kurakawa Kahei, and the 
chief interpreter, Moryama Yenoske, I hasten to remark that it has 
given me the greatest satisfaction to learn from its contents, that the 
Imperial government of Japan has at last awakened to a conviction 
of the necessity of so altering its policy with respect to foreign nations, 
as to consent to an interchange of friendly intercourse with the United 

States. • <• p 

Though the propositions set forth in the communication ot your 
hio-hness furnish strong evidence of the enlightened spirit with which 
the Imperial commissioners are disposed to meet the suggestions 
which I have had the honor to submit, they fall far short of my antici- 
pations, and I do not hesitate to say that they would not satisty the 
views of the President. 

I cheerfully accede to those of the propositions of your highness 
which offer to guaranty kind treatment to such vessels of the United 
States as may hereafter visit the ports of Japan, or be wrecked upon 
its coasts with protection, and suitable hospitality to the people who 

may belong to them. ,.-,-, p ■ ^ i ^ ^^ 

Also, that provisions and other supplies shall be furnished to them, 

and pavment received for the same. . . • i vi 

Also", that American steamers shall be supplied with reasonable 
quantities of coal, and at fair and equitable prices. 

These are all very well so far as they go, and can be incorporated 
in the treaty which I shall expect to make; but my instructions re- 
quire me to look for an intercourse of a more enlarged and liberal 
character, and I feel assured that the Imperial government m con- 
sideration of the spirit of the age, and with the full knowledge ol my 
strong desire to conduct my mission in peace and friendship, will no 
longer hesitate to enter with cordiality into a treaty that will be mu- 
tuafly honorable and advantageous to both nations. 

The convenience of the immense and growing commerce ot the Uni- 
ted States in these seas will require, certainly, as many ports of resort 
in Japan as are specified in the treaty with China, and these must be 
free from any restrictions not recognised by the usages oi tree and 
independent nations. ,. - 

In a word, I again earnestly urge upon your highness the policy ot 



NAVAL EXPEDITION TO JAPAN. 139 

fixing upon some written compact that will be binding as well upon 
the citizens of the United States as the subjects of Japan. 

It would be needless in me again to express the sincerest desire of 
my heart to bring these negotiations to an amicable and satisfactory 
termination ; nor will I again allude to the importance of such an 
issue — important as well to save time as to prevent the necessity of 
sending from America more ships and men, and possibly with instruc- 
tions of more stringent import. 

I have the power and the wish to meet the Imperial commissioners 
in all good faith, believing that there can be no more favorable time 
than the present to settle all the questions under consideration in such 
manner as will bring about a good understanding between two na- 
tions, whose geographical positions, lying in comparative proximity, 
would seem to enjoin, as a measure of wise foresight, a mutual inter- 
change of those acts of kindness and good will which will serve to 
cement the friendship happily commenced, and to endure, I trust, for 
many years. 

With profound respect, 

M. C. PEKEY, 
Commander-in-chief U. 8. Naval Forces, East India ^ China 
and Japan Seas, and Special Ambassador to Japan. 

His Highness Hayashi-Daigaku-no-kami, dc, &c., dc. 



a. 

Japanese statement of points agreed upon in the interview of Commodore 
Ferry with the Japanese commissioners on the Vlth of March, 1854. 

1st. The citizens of the United States will not submit to degrada- 
tions like those imposed upon the Dutch and Chinese in their confine- 
ment at Nangasaki ; that place is not convenient for ships to resort to, 
and does not answer the purpose. 

2d. Lew-Chew is a very distant country, and a definite answer can- 
not be given. 

8d. Matsmai is a very distant place, and belongs to a Prince. This 
point cannot be settled now ; some time will be required for negotia- 
tion, until the first month ol our next year ; because the concurrence 
of the central government and of the Prince of that country are both 
necessary to effect a result. A negotiation of the admiral with that 
Prince, therefore, would be to no purpose. 

It was stated that an answer had better be given at once ; there was 
time enough to have that harbor opened by the above-mentioned time; 
that it was not probable that in the first years that harbor would be 
resorted to by many ships, because some time would be required to 
communicate this decision to the government and to have it generally 
known. In consideration thereof, it was agreed that a final answer 
should be given on the 23d of March (the 26th of the Japanese month.) 

It being mentioned that besides Lew-Chew and Matsmai, more har- 
bors in Niphon would be required, it was suggested that the harbor 



140 CORRESPONDENCE RELATIVE TO THE 

of Simodi could be opened for the ships of the United States ; and 
agreed that two ships of the squadron would sail on the 19th of March, 
to make a survey of that harbor ; and further, that some Japanese offi- 
cers, to go by land, would arrive at that place on the 22d inst., and 
that the captains of those ships would await the arrival of those offi- 
cers before proceeding to survey, permit to land, &c. 

That shipwrecked men should meet with a kind treatment, and be 
free as in other countries. 

Agreement made upon due consideration. 



H. 

Dutch translation of letter from Japanese Commissioners. . 

^' Ships of the United States of North America, in want of pro- 
visions, wood, and water, shall be supplied in the harbor of Hakodadi, 
as has been desired. Some time will be required to make prepara- 
tions, inasmuch as this harbor is very distant; consequently, a com- 
mencement can be made the seventh month of next year, (the 17th of 
September, 1855.") '' Kaei Sitzinen Mgoats." (March 23, 1854.) 

Seal attached by order of the high gentlemen. 

MORYAMA YENOSKE. 

Chinese translation. 

^^ The ships of your country passing by, and in want of provisions, 
fuel, and water, are permitted to come into the port of Hakodade and 
procure them, and we desire that this permission may be considered 
as granting what was requested by your government. But as this 
place is a distant spot, and much time will be requisite to prepare and 
settle everything, we therefore set the time for opening this port, in 
the seventh month (September 6 to October 5) of next year," (1855.) 
Kayei 7th year, 2d month, 25th day. (March 23, 1854. ) 

HAYASHI. 

IDO. 

ISAWA. 

UDONO, 



Note from the Japanese Commissioners to Commodore Perry. 

At our personal interview, on the 8th,' you presented us a paper in 
which the President's views were expressed; and on the 11th we re- 
ceived a reply to our letter, in which the same views were given as 
at the interview in relation to the commerce your country now has 
with China; both of which we have carefully examined, and learn 
that you wish to ascertain whether we are ready to adopt the same 
that the Chinese have. The burden of that which you presented on 
the 8th is similar to that which was sought in the President's letter. 



NAVAL EXPEDITION TO JAPAN. 141 

and you gave it to learn whether we would adopt it or not. In our 
letter it was plainly stated that our Emperor had hut lately acceded 
to his^ throne^ and all the numerous affairs of government required to 
he quietly settled, and that he had no leisure for extraneous negotia- 
tions. Consequently he last autumn sent, through the superintend- 
ent of the Dutch shipping, to make this known to you, for you to 
communicate it to the United States. 

Among those points which you now propose for adoption, the two 
items of extending succor and protection to the distressed and wrecked 
vessels on our coast, and of furnishing coal to passing ships and sup- 
plying provisions and other necessaries to those who may he in need 
of them, are founded in reason, and ought to he granted without hes- 
itation. But as to opening a trade, such as is now carried on with 
China hy your country, we certainly cannot yet hring it ahout. The 
feelings and manners of our people are very unlike those of outer na- 
tions; and it will he exceedingly difficult, even if you wish it, to 
immediately change the old regulations for those of other countries. 
Moreover, the Chinese have long had intercourse with western nations, 
while we have had dealings at Nangasaki with only the people of 
Holland and China. Beside them, it mattered not for us to trade 
with those of any other land; and this has made our exchange of 
commodities very small. 

The ships of your country must therefore hegin your trade at Nanga- 
saki during the first moon of our next year, where they can procure 
fuel, water, coal, and other things; hut as our ideas of things and 
what we each like are still very dissimilar, as are also our notions of 
the prices or worth of things, this makes it indispensahle that we hoth 
first make a mutual trial and examination, and then, after five years, 
we can open another port for trade, which will he convenient for your 
ships when passing. 

^ The points of the treaty you have now presented for our delihera- 
tion, and this now given to you, can he retained hy each as evidence 
of our separate views. 

Kayei, 1th year, 2d moon, 11th day. {March 15, 1854.) 

HAYASKI, 

IDO. 

IZAWA. 

UDONO. 



Commodore Perry to the Secretary of the Navy. 

[No. 40.] U. S. Flag-Ship Susquehanna, 

Napa Keang, Great Lew-Cheia, February 2, 1854. 
Sir : In carrying out the order of the department, directing me to 
detach one of the steamers from my command and place her suhject 
to the control of the honorable Mr. McLane, I have been put to con- 
siderable embarrassment in deciding which of them to select, having 
strict regard to the public convenience ; and though the arrangemen't 
I have decided on deranges all my domestic plans and puts many to 



142 CORRESPONDENCE RELATIVE TO THE 

great personal inconvenience and discomfort, and especially myself in 
my present state of health, I have, in sole regard to the exigencies of 
the service in which I am engaged, selected the Susquehanna, my 
present flag-ship, and we are now busily employed in removing the 
extra cabins, &c., to the Powhatan. 

The department is aware that the periods of service of the crew of 
the Susquehanna will all have expired in June next, a large portion 
of their engagements having already run out — that her engines are 
in a crippled condition — that some of the new machinery has already 
arrived from the United States, and the new centre-shaft may, I pre- 
sume, be shortly expected. 

And I may further remark that, of the three steamers, she can be 
the least depended on in these boisterous seas ; that she will do very 
well to navigate upon the coast of China during the approaching 
spring and summer ; and, though I had hoped to have retained her 
with me until the termination of my negotiations with Japan, she is 
the one I can best spare ; consequently I shall detach her upon the 
service required by the order of the department, a short time after ar- 
rival in Yedo bay, and send her to Macao, with instructions to Com- 
mander Buchanan to place her subject to the control of Mr. McLane, 
and to inform the department of his having done so; as also to con- 
sult with Mr. McLane as to the selection of the most convenient time 
when she can be best spared to put in the new parts of the machinery, 
which will be necessary to her making a safe passage to the United 
States. 

And with reference to her going home, I again revert to the neces- 
sity of instructions from the department as to the route the steamers 
are to take on their return, with information also as to the places of 
deposite of coal, the quantities deposited, &c. 

The department has already been informed of the difficulties and 
expense which have attended the collecting of coal in China for 
the use of the squadron, and of the care I have taken in husband- 
ing such supply in order that it might be at command to meet cases 
of emergency, and especially for the steamers destined for Japan. 
At no time have we had more than fifty days of steaming for the three 
steamers ; and having hitherto kept constantly in view the quantity 
on hand, I have directed the movements of the steamers with ref- 
erence to its provident and economical use, and have been more par- 
ticularly saving for reason of the great cost of conveying it to China. 

I mention these facts that the department may be aware that I can 
no longer control the movements of one of the steamers, and conse- 
quently can no longer depend in keeping together a supply of fuel for 
the movements of the other two. The usual consumption of one of 
the steamers, at two-thirds steam, is from 28 to 32 tons per day. 

This letter, by due course of mail, may reach Washington by the 
middle of May, and a reply, if by return mail, may reach Hong Kong 
on or before the 1st of August next, about the time I now expect to 
return to that place, where I may hope to find instructions in respect 
as well to the return of the Susquehanna as to the return of the Mis- 
sissippi, and touching all matters referred to in former communica- 
tions from me, and of the authority asked for by me to return home 



NAVAL EXPEDITION TO JAPAN. 143 

either overland or in the Mississippi, when I shall have accomplished 
all that can preliminarily he accomplished respecting Japan. 

I may remark that since the date of my despatch No. 39, I have 
induced the authorities of Lew-Chew to take rent for the house occu- 
pied hy us in the town, as a hospital and for other purposes, and to 
transfer, for a small sum, to the Navy Department, the right of pro- 
perty in the coal-shed put up hy them near the landing for the accom- 
modation of the squadron. 

These are unprecedented concessions, and I trust will lead to others 
still more important. The survey of the shores and ports of the island 
have heen completed; two harhors, hitherto unknown to strangerSj 
have heen discovered ; the interior of the island has heen explored ; 
and having received some intimation that coal is to he found ahout 
forty miles from hence, I have despatched a party to examine the lo- 
cality. 

I am constantly ohtaining information confirmatory of the opinion 
that Lew-Chew, Meyaco-Sima, and the Oho-Sima islands, are all de- 
pendencies of Japan. 

The Macedonian and Yandalia, in company with the store-ships 
Southampton and Lexington, sailed yesterday from this port — the 
two latter with coals, provisions, &c. The Susquehanna, Powhatan, 
and Mississippi, are now receiving the cargo of coals of the Supply ; 
and she will sail in a day or two for Shanghai, there to take another 
cargo of coal on hoard, and proceed thence to Yedo hay to rejoin the 
squadron there. 

I am in hourly expectation of the arrival of the Saratoga from 
Shanghai, to proceed with me to Japan, and to he despatched from 
thence to the United States via San Francisco, where she will land 
despatches. 

The Plymouth has heen sent to Shanghai, to relieve the Saratoga 
at that place. 

I shall leave a party at Lew-Chew to look after our coal depot 
here, and hope to sail with the three steamers in four days from 
hence. 

With great respect, I am, sir, your most ohedient servant, 

M. C. PERRY, 
Commander-in-chief U. S. Naval Forces East India y 

C/iinaj and Japan Seas, 

Hon. James C. Dobbin, 

Secretary of the Navy, Washington, D. C, 

P. S. — I append papers showing the expiration of the engagements 
of the crews of the Susquehanna and Mississippi. 

February 5. — P. S. 2d. The exploring party sent to search for coal 
on this island have returned, and report having discovered strong in- 
dications of a plentiful supply, hut the locality requires further exa- 
mination. 

M. C. P. 



144 CORRESPONDENCE RELATIVE TO THE 

Statement of the expiration of service of the creiv of the United States 

steam-frigate Susquehanna . 

In December, 1852 6 men. 

March, 1853 1 

May, '' 1 

June, '' 3 

August, ^' 8 

September, ^^ 11 

October, '' 8 

November, ^^ 24 

December, '^ :.... 20 

January, 1854 16 

Februaiy, ^' 11 

March, '' 25 

April, '' 16 

May, '' 24 

June, '' 2 



176 



The terms of the service of six marines have already expired ; and of 
the others, some will expire in each month until December, 1854, when 
the whole will have expired. As this ship sailed finally from the 
United States on the 8th June, 1851, the remainder of the crew con- 
sists of men shipped at different ports during the cruise and trans- 
ferred from other ships. 

G. K. BAKET, Purser, 
U. S. Steam Frigate Susquehanna, 

Pacific Ocean, January 18, 1854. 



Statement of the expiration of service of the creiu of the United States 

steam frigate Mississippi. 

In October, 1853 1 man. 

December, '' 1 

February, 1854 1 

November, '' -.. 2 

December, ^^ 9 

Januarv, 1855 10 

February '' 23 

March, '' 39 

April, '' 18 

May, '' 20 

June, '' 20 

July, '' 52 

August, ^' 18 

September ^^ 12 



NAVAL EXPEDITION TO JAPAN. 145 

In October, 1855 20 men. 

November J '^ 2 

December, ^^ 2 

Wii! SPEIDEN,* Purser, 
U. S. Steam Frigate Mississippi, 

Pacific Ocean, January, 18, 1854. 



Commodore Perry to the Secretary of the Navy. 

[No- 43.] U. S. Flag-Ship Powhatan, 

Off the town of Kana-gawa, Yedo Bay, Japan, April 1, 1854. 
Sir: Keferring to my despatch No. 42, sent by the Susquehanna, 
by way of China, and to the notes which accompanied it, duplicates 
of the same being herewith forwarded, I have now the honor to ac- 
quaint the department that a treaty of peace and amity between the 
United States and Japan was yesterday signed by me and by the four 
commissioners especially delegated by the Emperor, which documents 
will be despatched to "Washington, in charge of Commander Henry 
A. Adams, to sail for California in the Saratoga on Tuesday, the 4th 
instant. 

The accompanying notes, which have been continued to the present 
day, will furnish all necessary details ; and I have only to invite the 
attention of the department to the difficulties I have been called upon 
to encounter, in contesting the numerous objections advanced by the 
Japanese, and more particularly with respect to the wording of the 
several articles of the compact; and I refer to this solely to account 
for the singularity of the phraseology, and the omission of some non- 
essential points, which are usually found in papers of the kind. This 
explanation would seem to be necessary for the information of the 
Senate, to which body the treaty will be referred. 

G-reat and insuperable objections were interposed to the delay in 
making the treaty binding, until it should be ratified by the Presi- 
dent and Senate, and the ratifications exchanged^ the propriety of 
which they could not or would not understand, remarking that, when 
signed by them, it would be honorably and scrupulously observed by 
the Imperial government, and they could see no reason why it should 
not be so observed by the government and people of the United States. 
I endeavored m vain to make them understand the nature of our fed-- 
eral compact; and failing to do this, thought it the wiser policy to. 
acquiesce in their pertinacious scruples, knowing that this course 
could not have the slightest weight in the practical operation of the 
treaty, or in making it less advantageous to the United States; and 
being aware, also, that all the concessions agreed to, were to come 
from them. They asked for nothing but the friendship and forbearance 
ot the United States, stating repeatedly that the laws of Japan had 
been so long established, and were so closely connected with all the 
machinery of the government, that, however they and the more en- 
lightened of the community might he disposed to encourage a more 
liberal intercourse with strangers, the integrity of the institutions af 
Ex. Doc. 34—10 



146 CORRESPONDENCE RELATIVE TO THE 

the empire would be endangered by a too sudden change ; and it is 
worthy of remark, that the latter part of the 3d article of the treaty 
was altered at their request — the following words, introduced by me, 
being changed for those immediately below them : 

Words proposed hy me: ''And the government of the United States 
will pay all the expenses incurred in the rescue and support of such 
shipwrecked persons." 

Words substituted hy request of the Japanese commissioners: ''And 
the expenses incurred in the rescue and support of Americans and 
Japanese, who may thus be thrown upon the shores of either nation, 
are not to be refunded." 

I hope and trust that the trifling informalities which appear in the 
wording of the treaty, and which were unavoidable, may be overlook- 
ed by the powers at home, in consideration of the peculiarities and pre- 
judices of those with whom I have had to treat, and more especially 
from motives of humanity, and in view of the advantages which the 
arrangement offers to our shipping in this part of the world, and to 
the whaling vessels in particular. It has been mentioned by many of 
the officers that more whales have been seen since we reached this 
vicinity than during the whole former part of the cruise. 

From this date, those in pursuit of whales may have no apprehen- 
sion of approaching the coast of Japan, and of the fearful conse- 
quences of shipwreck upon its hitherto inhospitable shores ; and in 
twelve months they will have the privilege of resorting to two conve- 
nient ports for refreshment and repair, and receive kindness and such ' 
supplies as the country can furnish ; and, what is more, not a single 
port in the empire will be shut to vessels in distress. 

The note lettered AA, hereto appended, refers to some of the 
changes in the phraseology of the treaty, which were found necessary 
to satisfy the objection of the Japanese commissioners. 

I have great pleasure in bearing witness to the prompt and efficient 
aid rendered in all these transactions by Captain Abbot, and to Com- 
manders Kelly, Buchanan, Adams, Walker, Pope, and Lee, and to 
Lieutenants Commandant Boyle, Sinclair, and Glasson, and to their 
respective officers, as also to the officers of this ship. 

The Japanese commissioners have promised to have a few tons of 
coal in readiness on my return from Hakodade to Simoda, in order 
that its quality maybe tested by the steamers. They also assure me 
that new mines shall be opened and worked, and that a depot shall 
be established at Simoda. 

With great respect, I am, sir, your obedient servant, 

M. C. PERRY, 
Commander-in-cliief U. S. Naval Forces East India, 

China, and Japan Seas, 

Hon. James C. Dobbin, 

Secretary of the Navy. 



NAVAL EXPEDITION TO JAPAN. 147 

Continuation of Notes, 

April 1, 1854. — Tlie Susquehanna sailed on the morning of the 
24th for Macao, and was seen by the Vandalia to pass Simoda at 3 
p. m. 

On the same day a number of presents were sent on board for the 
President, for myself, and other officers of the squadron, all of which 
were carefully packed and marked, and put on board the store-ship 
^'Supply'' to be sent to Washington, conformably to the laws of the 
United States. 

On the 27th, the five commissioners, with their respective retinues 
and followers, about seventy in number, dined on board the Powhatan 
by special invitation from me, on which occasion they were received 
with salutes and all the honors due to personages of their rank. 

Conforming, on this occasion, to the Japan custom, which forbids 
the sitting at meals of subordinates with their superiors, a table was 
arranged in the cabin for the commissioners, and another on deck for 
their retinues, many of whom were of comparative distinction; the 
captains, my secretary, and Dr. Williams, Chinese interpreter, 
being the only persons invited by me to dine with the high function- 
aries. Every effort was made to entertain the entire party, and the 
day passed with much hilarity and good feeling. 

The following day being appointed for another interview on shore 
to settle the final details of the treaty, the meeting took place, and 
after much discussion and many evasions on the part of the commis- 
sioners, an arrangement was agreed upon, and Friday, the 31st, 
fixed for the signing of the treaty, which was accordingly done about 
noon, and at the house erected especially for the conference, the com- 
missioners giving me three copies of the treaty in the Japanese lan- 
guage, duly signed by the four especially delegated by the Emperor, 
and in return receiving from me three copies in English with my sig- 
nature, translations in the Dutch and Chinese, certified by the Dutch 
and Chinese interpreters, Messrs. Portman and Williams, for the 
United States, and being also exchanged for Japan. 

It will be observed that the practice usually pursued in affixing sig- 
natures to treaties was departed from on this occasion ; and for reason 
assigned by the Japanese, that their laws forbade the subjects of the 
empire from putting their names to any document written in a foreign 
language. 

As I did not consider that this omission to sign the English version 
of the treaty could affect, in the slightest degree, the validity of the 
instrument, I made no very strenuous objections to the course they 
proposed and seemed determined on, more especially as they gave me 
triplicate copies of their version with certified translations, being well 
satisfied that all the stipulations as agreed to by them, and in their 
own way, would be scrupulously carried out by their government. 

Indeed, throughout the negotiations I was met at every step by 
objections to forms and application and use of words, which, though 
of little or no importance, were tenaciously insisted on by them — such, 
for instance, as to substitute the word ''goods" for ''merchandise," 
and numerous other trivial alterations of like import. By these 



148 CORRESPONDENCE RELATIVE TO THE 

changes tlie phraseology of the treaty will not be found as perfect as 
it would otherwise have been. 

And so in the concluding article I was constrained to frame the 
sentence in a manner to meet their watchful avoidance of agreeing to 
any feature in the treaty that would commit them with their govern- 
ment. 

The great object^ however, of effecting an advantageous compact 
with this most singular people has been fully accomplished — a 
compact which secures protection and kind treatment to all Ameri- 
cans who may, by chance or design, find themselves in any part 
of the empire, and which also stipulates to give shelter and supplies 
to vessels of the United States, and to grant privileges to American 
citizens never in the tw^o preceding centuries conceded to any foreign 
people. 

And the government of the United States may well claim the honor 
of being the first to open friendly and independent relations with a 
nation hitherto claiming the right of entire exclusion from all foreign 
intercourse, unless the immunities granted to the Dutch and Chinese 
at Nangasaki may be considered in such light. 

It may be remarked here, that at all our interviews on shore — what- 
ever may have been the number of officers from the ships, usually 
varying from twenty to fifty — refreshments prepared in the Japanese 
fashion were served to all, and on the day of signing the treaty greater 
preparations were made ; and on all occasions visitors to the ship on 
business with me have been provided with refreshments. 

Supplies of wood and water, poultry, eggs, vegetables, &c., have 
been furnished by the Japanese in limited quantities to the several 
ships of the squadron, for which they have, in accordance with my 
positwe demand, received payment, and it is quite probable they will 
in a short time lose all their scruples in this way, as at Lew-Chew, 
where they soon learned to charge and receive good prices for all their 
supplies. 

Kespectfully submitted : 

M. C. PEEKY, 

Commander-in-cliief United States Naval Forces East India, 

China, and Japan Seas. 

United States Flag-Ship Powhatan, 

Off the town of Yoku-hama, Yedo Bay, April 3, 1854. 



AA. 

Notes explanatory of the several articles of the treaty ivith Japan. 

Article 2. The ports to be fully opened for supplies to Americans 
any time in April, 1855, but wood and water may be obtained after 
the month of the ensuing May, and other supplies for vessels of war. 
The latter part of this article changed by request of the Japanese 
connnissioners. In my letter to the Secretary of the Navy I have 
fully noticed this. 



NAVAL EXPEDITION TO JAPAN. 149 

Article 4. Great difficulties were encountered in securing tlie im- 
munities to Americans which this article grants. The meaning in- 
tended to be conveyed by the words '^just laws" is, that Americans 
shall not be subject to the exclusive laws and customs of Japan, but 
to laws based upon justice and humanity. This understanding to 
continue until further negotiation upon the subject and the appoint- 
ment of a consular agent. 

Article 5. This article was secured after much opposition. It 
grants privileges which the most sanguine did not anticipate. Seven 
Japanese miles, or ri, are equal to about ten of ours. This would 
make a radius of ten and a periphery of sixty English miles as the 
boundary in which American citizens can freely move about, either 
on the land or water, without molestation from the Japanese, so long 
as they conduct themselves with propriety. The limits of Hakodadi 
will be established after I shall have landed and examined that lo- 
cality. 

Article 6. This article refers to some future arrangement having 
more intimate relations to a commercial treaty ; but the word ' ' mer- 
chandise" was objected to, and the word ^' goods" substituted. 

Article *7. The same objection made to the word ^'merchandise," 
and the word ''^ goods" again substituted; the word '^ temporarily" 
referring impliedly to future arrangements which the Japanese gov- 
ernment is not now prepared for. 

Article 8. This article was insisted on by the commissioners upon 
the ground that the Japanese government had no revenue laws regu- 
lating duties on foreign goods, and the people were unacquainted with 
trade. 

Article 9. This is a most important article, as there can be little 
doubt that, on hearing of the success of this mission, the English, 
French, and Russians will follow our example ; and it may be reason- 
able to suppose that each will gain some additional advantage, until 
a commercial treaty is accomplished. Article nine will give to Ame- 
ricans, without further consultation, all these advantages. 

Article 10. Simoda and Hakodadi are the only ports to which 
ships of the United States may resort at pleasure, but if in distress 
they can enter with impunity any of the ports of the empire. It may 
be hoped that this privilege will not be abused. 

Article 11. I could only induce the commissioners to agree to this 
article by endeavoring to convince them that it would save the Japa- 
nese government much trouble if an American agent were to reside 
at one or both of the ports opened by the treaty, to whom complaints 
might be made of any mal-practice of the United States citizens who 
migjit visit the Japanese dominions ; otherwise, I told them it would 
be necessary to have a shi|)-of-war constantly on the station, as sailors 
and others might misbehave, and violate the stipulations of the treaty, 
without it being known to the American government. 

Article 12, and last. In framing this article I had to manage so as 
to evade the positive objections of the commissioners as to the necessity 
of waiting for an exchange of ratifications ; and to make the tenoj* of 
the language less imperative, the words ''it is to be ratified" instead 
of those usually adopted, " it shall be ratified," were used. 



150 CORRESPONDENCE RELATIVE TO THE 

I have already referred to the ohjections made by them to the placing 
of their names tq the American version of the treaty. This, with re- 
gard to their understanding of its perfect validity, is of no importance, 
and I have only again mentioned it in further explanation to the 
powers at home. 

M. C. PEKRY. 



U. S. Flag-Ship Powhatan, 
Off the town of Kanagawa, Yedo Bay, April 1, 1854. 

Your Highness: In agreeing to the convention of peace and amity 
between the United States and Japan, signed yesterday, I deem it 
right and proper to remark, that in consideration of the peculiar and 
long established laws and customs of your government, I have de- 
parted^ in a measure, from the forms usually adopted on similar occa- 
sions, by subscribing to separate papers setting forth the details of 
the treaty between the two powers. But this cannot make the com- 
pact the less binding. 

And though the same reasons have induced me to recognise for the 
present certain limitations to the right of American citizens to enjoy 
all the cosmopolitan privileges in Japan v^hich are freely granted to 
them in other countries, I have done so because I was aware that, 
whatever might be the disposition of the distinguished personages 
with whom I have had the honor to negotiate, to encourage a more 
enlarged view of the advantages of a peaceful international inter- 
course, time will be required to bring about those changes in the em- 
pire which the present advanced condition of the world unquestiona- 
bly calls for. 

And in this feeling I have submitted, as far as could be done con- 
sistently with the dignity of my nation, to restrictions which have 
been imposed by the laws of the country upon the movements of the 
officers and crews under my command ; but it cannot be expected that 
such a state of things can long exist ; and, with reference to the open- 
ing of other ports for the admission of American vessels, I feel as- 
sured that in a short period experience will satisfy every one that no 
injury will result to Japan from such arrangement, but rather that 
the empire will be benefited by the adoption of laws more congenial 
to the spirit of the times. 

As to the limits within which citizens of the United States can 
freely move about in the vicinity of Hakodadi, these will be settled 
and defined on my return to Simoda from that place, and when I 
shall have had an opportunity to examine in person its locality. 

With profound respect^ 

M. C. PERKY, 
Corifimander-in-cTiief U. S. Naval Forces East India ^ China, 

and Japan Seas, and Special Ambassador to Japan. 

His Highness Hayashi-Daigaku-no-kamI; dc.j dc^ &c. 



1 



NAVAL EXPEDITION TO JAPAN. 151 

Commodore Perry to the Secretary of the Navy. 

[No. 44.] U. S. Flag-Ship Powhatan^ 

Off the toicn of Kanagawa, Tedo Bay, Japan, April 4, 1854. 

Sir : The only favor asked by tlie Japanese commissioners has been 
that I would give to three of their number each a brass howitzer and 
launch^ equipped in the manner of those belonging to the squadron. 
This request was repeatedly made. 

My reply was, that the boats and guns formed parts of the equipments 
of the ships^ and could not be spared; but as the Saratoga was going 
home^ I would venture to give them the gun belonging to her^ and to 
recommend that the government should send out to Japan^ by some 
convenient opportunity, two more. 

I need not say how much they were gratified, nor revert to the ad- 
vantages that would result to our citizens who may visit this country, 
from these little acts of courtesy ; and I most urgently recommend that 
the guns, fully equipped with carriages, &c., be sent to them. 

The gift will be returned a hundred-fold by exercising a favorable 
influence, on some future occasion, with men who seem to have the full 
confidence of the Imperial government. 

It is highly desirable that the kind and friendly feelings which have 
been engendered by our recent intercourse may, in every way, be fos- 
tered. 

With great respect, I have the honor to be, your obedient servant, 

M. C. PEERY, 
Commander-in-chief U. S. Naval Forces East India, 

China, and Japan Seas. 

Hon. James C. Dobbin, 

Secretary of the Navy, Washington, D. C. 



y 



Commodore Ferry to the Secretary of the Navy. 

[No. 50.] U. S. Steam Frigate Powhatan, 

Harbor of Hakodadi, Island of Jesso, Japan, May 30, 1854. 

Sir: Since my last despatch, No. 49, dated at Kanagawa, Yedo 
bay, April 4, and sent with accompanying papers by the Saratoga, in 
charge of Commander H. A. Adams, duplicates of which are here- 
with forwarded, I have examined the ports of Simoda and Hakodadi, 
which are to be opened to the vessels of the United States,, and am 
happy to inform the department that, with respect to geographical 
position, convenience of ingress and egress, and commodiousness for 
all the purposes required, they cannot be surpassed. This is one of 
the safest and most convenient harbors I have ever seen for vessels of 
all classes, and it is sufficiently capacious to hold half the navies of 
the world. 

The authorities and people of the two towns and their vicinities 
have manifested much kindness and attention. The ships have been 
promptly supplied, at reasonable prices, with wood, water, and such 
other articles as the country could furnish. The singular abstemious- 
ness of the Japanese from animal food, has never made it necessary 



152 CORRESPONDENCE RELATIVE TO THE 

for them to rear and fatten animals for the market ; and hence the 
scarcity of that aliment so necessary to people of the western nations. 

It is quite probahle, however, that they will hereafter be better pre- 
pared to meet the demands of vessels visiting the two ports. Poultry 
and fish, and, at the proper seasons, fruit and vegetables, may be ob- 
tained in reasonable quantities, and one or two ships could always be 
provided with a sufiiciency for their wants. 

At both places the ofiicers, and those of the crews who have been 
permitted to leave the ships, go freely about in town and country, 
and on fishing and shooting excursions, visiting the shops, the tem- 
ples, and other places of interest, without the slightest hindrance or 
molestation, and are everywhere treated with kindness and respect, 
and especially by the country people. 

But one instance has occurred of annoyance to any one, and this 
was at Simoda ; and, on its being represented to me, I demanded, and 
received, an apology from the prefect, who disavowed the acts of the 
officers who committed the offence. 

According to arrangement, I am to meet one or more of the Impe- 
rial commissioners at Simoda on the 15th of next month, (June,) to 
settle various matters connected with a proper understanding of the 
treaty. After this is accomplished, I shall return to Hong Kong by 
the way of Oho-Sima, Lew-Chew, and the ports of Mngpo, Fuh-Chow, 
and Amoy, in China. 

The officers of my command have constructed several valuable 
charts of the harbors and coasts of Japan; and our collection of 
SjDCcimens of natural history, and of drawings, sketches, &c., is 
rapidly increasing. 

One of the vessels of the squadron is now engaged in making a 
reconnoissance of ''Volcano bay," a convenient anchorage, about 
seventy miles from this port. 

Until this time, I have not had it in my power to institute, in a 
thorough manner, the researches and inquiries which the department 
has ordered in its instructions of October 26, 1852, May 16, 1853, and 
June 11, 1853, with respect to the fate of our fellow countrymen, 
supposed either to have been lost at sea, or to be still alive and held 
in captivity in Formosa or the islands of Japan. 

The authorities here have furnished answers to my several inquiries 
upon the subject, herewith enclosed, and marked BB; and I propose 
to send the Macedonian, accompanied by the Southampton, to For- 
mosa, there to prosecute every possible research, and at the same time 
to examine the coal region of that island. 

As evidence of the good understanding subsisting, as well at this 
place as at Kanagawa and Simoda, I may remark, that the prefect, 
governor, mayor, and other persons of rank, visited this sliip, by invita- 
tion, last evening, and were entertained by me at a formal supper. 

With great respect, sir, I have the honor to be, your most obedient 
servant, 

M. C. PEKEY, 
Commander-in-cJiief U. S. Naval Forces East India, 

China, and Japan Seas. 

Hon. J. C. Dobbin, 

Secretary of the Navy, Washington, D, G. 



NAVAL EXPEDITION TO JAPAN. 153 

BB. 

U. S. Flag-Ship Powhatan, 
Hakodadij Japan, May 30, 1854. 

Sir: The following communication from the chief officers of Hako- 
dadi is in reply to the queries submitted to them by your order of 
the 27th instant. 

The translation into English was made hy Mr. S. W. Williams. 
^' From the third year of Ohoka to the third of Kagee (1847 — 1851) 
there were five foreign vessels wrecked hy storms on our coast, whose 
crews have all been sent on to Nangasaki, there to be sent by the 
Dutch back to their homes. Not one now remains in Japan. 

^'^In 1847, June, seven American sailors were drifted ashore at Ye- 
toroop, in a boat. 

^^In 1847, June, thirteen American sailors, in three boats, were 
thrown ashore at Yerimachi, northwest of Matsmai. 

''In March, 1849, three men from an American ship went ashore 
at Karaftou, the south end of Sagalien, and then went off. 

" In May, 1850, an English ship was wrecked at Mabira, in Yesso, 
from which thirty-two men came ; but where they came from, we 
know not." 

Very respectfully, your obedient servant, 

SILAS BENT, 

Flag Lieutenant. 
Commodore M. C. Perry, 

Commander-in-diief U. S. Naval Forces East India, 

China, and Japan Seas. 



The United States of America and the empire of Japan, desiring 
to establish firm, lasting, and sincere friendship between the two na- 
tions, have resolved to fix, in a manner clear and j)ositive, by means 
of a treaty or general convention of peace and amity, the rules which 
shall in future be mutually observed in the intercourse of their re- 
spective countries ; for which most desirable object the President of 
the United States has conferred full powers on his commissioner, Mat- 
thew Calbraith Perry, sj)ecial ambassador of the United States to 
Japan; and the august sovereign of Japan has given similar full 
powers to his commissioners, Hayashi-Daigaku-no-kami, Ido, Prince 
of Tsus-Sima ; Izawa, Prince of Mimasaki ; and Udono, member of 
the Board of Revenue. 

And the said commissioners, after having exchanged their said full 
powers, and duly considered the premises, have agreed to the follow- 
ing articles : 

Article I. — There shall be a perfect, permanent^ and universal 
peace, and a sincere and cordial amity, between the United States of 
America on the one part, and between their people, respectfully, [re- 
spectively,] without exception of persons or places. 



154 CORRESPONDENCE RELATIVE TO THE 

Article II. — The port of Simoda, in the principality of Iclzu, and 
the port of Hakodadi, in the principality of Matsmai, are granted hy 
the Japanese as ports for the reception of American ships, where they 
can he supplied with wood, water, provisions, and coal, and other 
articles their necessities may require, as far as the Japanese have 
them. The time for opening the first-named port is immediately on 
signing this treaty ; the last-named port is to he opened immediately 
after the same day in the ensuing Jaj)anese year. 

ISToTE. — A tariff of prices shall he given hy the Japanese officers of 
the things which they can furnish, payment for which shall he made 
in gold and silver coin. 

Article III. — Whenever ships of the United States are thrown or 
wrecked on the coast of Japan, the Japanese vessels will assist them, 
and carry their crews to Simoda or Hakodadi, and hand them over to 
their countrymen appointed to receive them. Whatever articles the 
shipwrecked men may have preserved shall likewise he restored, and 
the expenses incurred in the rescue and support of Americans and 
JajDanese who may thus he thrown upon the shores of either nation 
are not to he refunded. 

Article IV. — Those shipwrecked persons and other citizens of the 
United States shall he free as in other countries, and not suhjected to 
confinement, hut shall he amenahle to just laws. 

Article V. — Shipwrecked men, and other citizens of the United 
States, temporarily living at Simoda and Hakodadi, shall not he sub- 
ject to such restrictions and confinement as the Dutch and Chinese are 
at Nangasaki ; hut shall he free at Simoda to go where they pleas'e 
within the limits of seven Japanese miles (or ri) from a small island 
in the harbor of Simoda, marked on the accompanying chart, hereto 
appended ; and shall in like manner he free to go where they please 
at Hakodadi, within limits to he defined after the visit of the United 
States squadron to that place. 

Article VI. — If there he any other sort of goods wanted, or any 
business which shall require to be arranged, there shall be careful de- 
liberation between the parties in order to settle such matters. 

Article VII. — It is agreed that ships of the United States resort- 
ing to the ports open to them, shall be permitted to exchange gold and 
silver coin and articles of goods for other articles of goods, under such 
regulations as shall be temporarily established by the Japanese gov- 
ernment for that purpose. It is stipulated, however, that the ships 
of the United States shall be permitted to carry away whatever arti- 
cles they are unwilling to exchange. 

Article VIII. — Wood, water, provisions, coal, and goods required, 
shall only be procured through the agency of Japanese officers ap- 
pointed for that purpose, and in no other manner. 

Article IX. — It is agreed, that if, at any future day, the govern- 
ment of Japan shall grant to any other nation or nations privileges 
and advantages which are not herein granted to the United States 
and the citizens thereof, that these same privileges and advantages 
shall be granted likewise to the United States and to the citizens 
thereof without any consultation or delay. 



NAVAL EXPEDITION TO JAPAN. 155 

Aeticle X.— Ships of tlie United States sliall be permitted to re- 
sort to no other ports in Japan but Simoda and Hakodadi, unless in 
distress or forced by stress of weather. 

Article XI. — There shall be appointed by the government of the 
United States consuls or agents to reside in Simoda at any time after 
the expiration of eighteen months from the date of the signing of this 
treaty; provided that either of the two governments deem such ar- 
rangement necessary. 

Article XII. — The present convention, having been concluded and 
duly signed, shall be obligatory, and faithfully observed by the United 
States of America and Japan, and by the citizens and subjects of each 
respective power; and it is to be ratified and approved by the President 
of the United States^ by and with the advice and consent of the Sen- 
ate thereof, and by the august Sovereign of Japan^ and the ratification 
shall be exchanged within eighteen months from the date of the sig- 
nature thereof, or sooner if practicable. 

In faith whereof, we^ the respective plenipotentiaries of the United 
States of America and the empire of Japan, aforesaid^ have signed and 
sealed these presents. 

Done at Kanagawa^ this thirty-first day of March^ in the year 
of our Lord Jesus Christ one thousand eight hundred and fifty-four, 
and of Kayei the seventh year^ third months and third day. 



Sailing Directions for Napliay Island Great Lew-Cheiu, 

This is the principal seaport of the island, and perhaps the only 
one possessing the privileges of a port of entry. 

Its inner, or ^' Junk harbor," has a depth of water of from two to 
three fathoms, and though small, is sufiiciently large to accommodate 
with ease the fifteen or twenty moderate-sized junks which are usually 
found moored in it. These are mostly Japanese, with a few Chinese 
and some small coasting craft, which seem to carry on a sluggish 
trade with the neighboring islands. 

The outer harbor is protected to the eastward and southward by 
the main land, whilst in other directions it is surrounded by merely a 
chain of coral reefs, which answer as a tolerable breakwater against a 
swell from the northward or westward, but affords, of course, no shel- 
ter from the wind. The holding-ground is so good, however, that a 
well-found ship could ride out here almost any gale in safety. 

The clearest approach to Napha from the westward, is by passing 
to the northward of the Amakarima islands and sighting Agenhu 
island, from whence steer a southeast course for the harbor, passing 
on either side of Eeef islands, being careful, however, not to approach 
them too near on the western and southern sides, as the reefs below 
water in these directions are said to be more extensive than is shown 
by the charts. 

After clearing Eeef islands, bring Wood Hill to bear south-south- 
east, when stand down for it, until getting upon the line of bearing 
for South channel. This will carry you well clear of Blossom reef, yet 



156 CORRESPONDENCE RELATIVE TO THE 

not so far off but tliat tlie White Tomb and clump of trees or busbes 
to the southward of Tumai Head (see view No. 3, on chart) can be 
easily distinguished. An E. N. E. J E. or E. N. E. course will 
now take you in clear of all dangers, and give a good anchorage on 
or near the Seven-fathom bank, about half a mile to the northward 
and westward of False Capstan Head. This channel being perfectly 
straight, is more desirable for a stranger entering the harbor, than 
Oar channel, which, though wider, has the disadvantage of its being 
necessary for a vessel to alter her course some four or five points, just 
when she is in the midst of reefs which are nearly all below the sur- 
face of the water. 

To enter by Oar channel, bring the centre of the island in Junk 
harbor (known by the deep verdure of its vegetation) to fill the gap 
between the forts at the entrance of Junk harbor, (see view No. 2 on 
chart,) and steer a S. E. | E. course, until Capstan Head bears east, 
when haul up to E. N. E., and anchor as before directed. 

The North channel is very much contracted by a range of detached 
rocks making out from the reef on the west side, and should not, un- 
der ordinary circumstances, be attempted by a stranger, as, at high 
water the reefs are almost entirely covered, and it is difiicult to judge of 
your exact position, unless familiar with the various localities and land- 
marks. To enter by this (North) channel, bring a remarkable notch 
in the southern range of hills in line with a small hillock just to the 
eastward of False Capstan Head, (see view No. 1 on chart,) and stand 
in on this range (S. by E. J E.,) until Tumai Head bears E. -J N., when 
open a little to the southward, so as to give the reef to the eastward 
a berth, and select your anchorage. 

There is a black spar-buoy anchored on Blossom reef half way he- 
tween its eastern and western extremities, a red spar-buoy on the point 
of reef to the west-northwestward of Abbey Point, and a white spar- 
buoy on the southeast extremity of Oar reef. Flags of corresponding 
colors are attached to all these buoys, and they afford good guides for 
the South and Oar channels. There are two large stakes on the reefs 
to the eastward and westward of North channel, planted there by the 
natives — this being the channel mostly used by junks trading to the 
northward. 

An abundance of water can always be obtained at the fountains in 
Junk river, where there is excellent landing for boats. There is a 
good spring near the tombs in Tumai bluff, but unless the water is 
perfectly smooth the landing is impracticable, and under any circum- 
stances it is inconvenient from the want of sufficient depth, except at 
high tide. 

It is directed by the commander-in-chief that the vessels of the 
squadron under his command shall heave to, on approaching Napha, 
and make signal for a pilot, when an officer familiar with the locali- 
ties and landmarks will be sent off from the vessel in port to pilot her 
in, or point out to her commander the position of the dangers to be 
avoided. 

Should there, however, be no vessel in port, then boats are to be 



NAVAL EXPEDITION TO JAPAN. 157 

sent aliead, and anchored upon the extremities of the reefs between 
which the vessel intends to pass. 

By order of Commodore M. C. Perry : 

SILAS BENT, 

Lieutenant United States Navy. 
Macao, Octoher 1, 1853. 

Note. — The spar-buoys above described were securely moored at 
the time they were placed in their respective positions, by order of 
Commodore Perry, but may be displaced, or entirely removed, by the 
heave of the sea, or by the natives, and should, therefore, not be en- 
tirely relied upon. 

S. BENT. 

U. S. SxEAM-FRiaATE ^^PoWHATAN," 

Harbor of Hakodadey Island of Yesso, Japan, May 2T, 1854. 



Oonting, or Port Mellville, Island Great Lew-Cheiv. 

Oonting harbor is on the northwest side of Lew-Chew, and distant 
about thirty-five miles from Napha. 

Sugar Loaf island, an excellent land-mark, lies about twelve miles 
to the west-northwestward of the entrance. The island is low and 
flat, with the exception of a sharp conical peak near its eastern 
extremity, which rises to a height of several hundred feet. 

Passing to the northward of Sugar Loaf island, an east-southeast- 
erly course will bring you to the mouth of the harbor, and to the 
northward and westward of Kooi island. It is advisable to heave to 
here, or anchor in twenty or twenty-five fathoms water, until boats or 
buoys can be placed along the edges of the reefs bordering the channel, 
for without some such guides it is difficult for a vessel of large draught 
to find her way in between the reefs, which contract, in places, to 
within a cable's length of each other, and are at all times covered 
with water. 

The ranges and courses for the channel are, first : Hele rock in 
range with Double-topped mountain, (see view on chart,) bearing 
south 37 degrees east. Steer this course, keeping the range on until 
Chimney rock bears S. \ E. ; then for Chimney rock until Point 
Conde bears S. 49 degrees east ; then for Point Conde until enter- 
ing the basin of Oonting, when anchor, giving your ship room to 
swing clear of the reef making out to the northward of Point Conde, 
and you will be as snug as if lying in dock, with good holding- 
ground, completely land-locked, and sheltered almost entirely from 
every wind. 

Good water is to be had at the village of Oonting. 
By order of Commodore M. C. Perry: 

SILAS BENT, Lieut. U. S. Navy. 



158 CORRESPONDENCE RELATIVE TO THE 

Sailing directions and observations upon Lloyd's Jiarhor^ Bonin islands^ 
from reports of Acting Masters Madigan and Bennett , of the United 
States ships Saratoga and Susquehanna. 

^' The entrance to the harhor of Port Lloyd, on the western side of 
Peel island, one of the Bonin group, is well defined, so that it can 
scarcely be mistaken. 

^'A ship hound in would do well to place a boat on the shoal that 
makes off south from the eastern point of Square Eock, as it is called 
on Beechy's harbor chart. This shoal can be easily seen from aloft, 
however, even when there is no swell on. It extends full two cable's 
length from Square Rock to the southward, and is steep. The centre 
of the shoal is awash with a smooth sea. The tide rises about three 
feet, and there is a coral rock about one cable's length north from the 
northern point of Southern Head on which I found eight feet water. 
But a ship entering the harbor would not be likely to approach South- 
ern Head so near as to be upon it. This island, as well as those sur- 
rounding it, is chiefly visited by whale-ships, and its products, 
therefore, are such as to suit their wants. 

"Potatoes, yams, and other vegetables, fruits of various kinds, 
together with wild hogs and goats, can be ]orocured from the few 
whites and Sandwich Islanders (thirty-five in all) settled there. Wood 
is good and plentiful, and water can be had, though in limited quan- 
tities, and slightly tainted by the coral rocks from which it springs. 

" The anchorage is fair, though open to the south and west. The 
reconnoissance made by order of the commander-in-chief, proved the 
accuracy of Captain Beechy's chart." 

Mr. Bennett, acting master of the Susquehanna, says in his report: 
''Assuming the position of Napha, in Great Lew-Chew island, as 
established by Beechy, to be correct, I find by the mean of my chro- 
nometers that he has placed Ten Fathom Hole, in Port Lloyd, five 
miles too far^to the westward, and consequently the whole group is 
placed that much to the westward of its true position." 
By order of Commodore M. C. Perry: 

SILAS BENT, Lieut. U. S. Navy. 

Macao, October 1, 1853. 



Commodore Ferry to the Secretary of the Navy. 

[No. 52.] U, S. Steam-Frigate Mississippi, 

At Sea, July 18, 1854. 

Sir: My last despatches, Nos. 50 and 51, (duplicates herewith en- 
closed) were sent — the first by the Vandalia, to be mailed at Shanghai ; 
the other by the Southampton, for Hong Kong, to be forwarded from 
that place. 

Nothing of much interest occurred at Hakodadi after the cleparture 
of the Vandalia, excepting that a place of interment was secured and 
enclosed, within which two of that vessel's crew were buried. 

The delegates despatched from Yedo to meet me at Hakodadi, ar- 



NAVAL EXPEDITION TO JAPAN. 159 

rived only two clays before my departure ; but having obtained all 
that I desired, or certainly had reason to expect by my negotiations 
with the local authorities, and regardful of my appointment to be at 
Simoda by the 8th, and seeing by their instructions that they were 
not invested with sufficient powers, I had little to do with them. 

The two steamers left Hakodadi on the 3d of June, and after a 
pleasant passage reached Simoda on the 7th. 

Lieutenant Commanding Sinclair, who had been left with the Sup- 
ply in port during my absence, immediately reported that all had 
gone well ; that the commissioners had arrived, with two others who 
had been added to their number. 

As I was desirous of completing my business with these distin- 
guished functionaries, who I knew would be very slow in all their 
movements, I proposed an interview for the following day, which was 
assented to ; and accordingly I landed with a suitable escort, and pro- 
ceeded to the temple occupied by me during my former visit : here I 
found the seven commissioners in waiting ; and after being introduced 
to the two who had recently been added to the commission, by name 
and title, Tsudzuki Suruga-no-kami, (Prince of Suruga,) and Takeno 
Utsi Seitan, (comptroller of the treasury,) I was informed that, since 
the signing of the treaty of Kanagawa, Simoda had been erected into 
an Imperial city, and that Izawa, (Prince of Mimasaki,) and Tsuruki, 
(Prince of Suruga,) were appointed governors, and Kurokawa Kahei- 
oye and Isa Sintshiro lieutenant governors, thus adhering to the 
Japanese custom of having two of each grade. 

I was also told that the jurisdiction of the city did not extend as 
far as the limits of seven Japanese miles, (about sixteen English,) as 
embraced in the treaty ; that gates had been erected upon the roads 
leading into the country, beyond which the jurisdiction belonged to 
the prince of Idzu ; and they proposed that I should agree to a regu- 
lation making it imperative on all Americans desirous of passing be- 
yond those gates, first to obtain permission from the officer on duty. 

This I positively refused to consent to, and I soon found that the 
object of the commissioners was to induce me to agree to certain reg- 
ulations which should govern Americans visiting the port, and would 
in a measure modify and weaken the advantages which the treaty se- 
cured to them, and I determined to hold out against all propositions 
that might have such a tendency. 

I intimated my willingness to agree to some regulations unques- 
tionably necessary, as well to govern the authorities as the Ameri- 
. cans ; but I could not, even if so disposed, alter or modify a treaty 
which had passed out of my hands ; and after numerous discussions, 
and many turnings and twistings of the commissioners, additional 
regulations, a copy of which is herewith enclosed and marked A, were 
agreed to, and duplicates in the English and Japanese languages 
were signed by both parties and exchanged^, the originals of which 
will be forwarded by the first sure conveyance. 

The greatest struggle had reference to the limits within which 
Americans should be free to go where they pleased in the vicinity of 
Hakodadi. At first they wished to confine the limits to one street of 
the town, then to the whole town, then to the projecting promontory 



160 CORRESPONDENCE RELATIVE TO THE 

extending towards the sea, then to three Japanese miles, and again 
to three and a half. 

My proposition was that we should enjoy the same limits there as 
at Simoda, but upon this point they were so pertinacious that I 
thought it advisable to compromise for ^ye Japanese miles, (about 
twelve of ours.) But the extent of the limits is of little importance, 
as the neighboring country is mountainous and sparsely settled. 

Another object of the commissioners was to enter into some arrange- 
ment respecting the currency and exchange, having more particular 
reference to the prices to be paid for articles furnished to Americans 
conformably to the treaty. Accordingly, they appointed a commis- 
sion of nine to discuss the matter, and, on the part of the squadron, I 
delegated Pursers Speiden and Eldredge, respectively of the Missis- 
sippi and Powhatan. The result of the discussion upon the subject 
will be found in papers enclosed and lettered B and C. 

In addition to the additional regulations already referred to as 
having been arranged between the commissioners and myself, a few 
port regulations were agreed upon, and, at my suggestion, a harbor- 
master and three pilots were appointed. I presented to the harbor- 
master, on the part of the United States, a spy-glass, always to be 
kept at the lookout station, and to pass to his successor, and to each 
of the pilots a comfortable overcoat was given. 

See accompanying papers, letters D and E. 

The commissioners were not prepared to establish any permanent 
regulations respecting Hakodadi, as all of them were utterly ignorant 
of the town and its neighborhood ; but this, if found necessary, can 
be done at some future time, when, like Simoda, it shall be made an 
imperial city, and consequently pass from the jurisdiction of the 
Prince of Matsmai. 

Having completed my business with the commissioners, and enter- 
taining these high personages and retinues a second time on board 
ship, I took a kind and friendly leave of them, and sailed with the 
Mississippi, Powhatan, and Southampton, leaving the Macedonian 
and Supply to proceed, under instructions, to Formosa. 

With great respect, I am, sir, your most obedient servant, 

M. C. PERRY, 
Commander-in-chief U. S. Naval Forces East 

India and China Seas. 

Hon. James C. Dobbin, 

Secretary of the Navy, Washington, 



NAVAL EXPEDITION TO JAPAN. 161 



A. 

Additional regulations, agreed to between Commodore Mattliew C. 
Perry, special envoy to Japan from the United States of America, 
and Hayaslii Daigaku-no-hami ; Ido, Prince of Psus-sima ; Izawa^ 
Prince of Mimas ahi ; TsudzuJci, Prince of Suruga ; Udono, member 
of the board of revenue; Take-no-uchi Sheitaro, and Matsusahi 
Michitaro, commissioners of the Emperor of Japan, on behcdf of their 
respective governments. 

Article I. — The imperial governors of Simoda will place watch, 
stations wherever they deem best, to designate the limits of their juris- 
diction; but Americans are at liberty to go through them, unre- 
stricted, within the limits of seven Japanese ri, or miles ; and those 
who are found transgressing Japanese laws may be apprehended hj 
the police and taken on board their ships. 

Article II. — Three landing-places shall be constructed for the 
boats of merchant ships and whale-ships resorting to this port; one 
at Simoda, one at Kakizaki, and the third at the brook lying south- 
east of Centre Island. The citizens of the United States will, of 
course, treat the Japanese officers with proper respect. 

Article III. — Americans, when on shore, are not allowed access to 
military establishments or private houses without leave ; but they caa 
enter shops and visit temples as they please. 

Article IY. — Two temples, the Kioshen at Simoda, and the Yoku-- 
shen at Kakizaki, are assigned as resting-places for persons in their 
walks, until public houses and inns are erected for their convenience. 

Article Y. — ISTear the Temple Yokushen, at Kakizaki, a burial^ 
ground has been set apart for Americans, where their graves and 
tombs shall not be molested. 

Article YI. — It is stipulated in the treaty of Kanagawa, that coal 
will be furnished at Hakodadi ; but as it is very difficult for the Ja- 
panese to supply it at that port, Commodore Perry promises to men- 
tion this to his government, in order that the Japanese government 
maybe relieved from the obligation of making that port a?- coal depot. 

Article YII. — It is agreed that henceforth the Chinese language 
shall not be employed in official communications between • the two 
governments, except when there is no Dutch interpreter. 

Article YIII. — -A harbor-master and three skilful pilots have been 
appointed for the port of Simoda. 

Article IX. — Y^henever goods are selected in the shops, they shall 
be marked with the name of the purchaser and the price agreed upon, 
and then be sent to the Goyoshi, or government office, where the 
money is to be paid to Japanese officers, and the- articles delivered by 
them. 

Article X. — The shooting of birds and animals is generally forbid- 
den in Japan, and this law is therefore to be observed by all Ameri- 
cans. 

Article XI. — It is hereby agreed that five Japanese ri, or miles, be 
the limit allowed to Americans at Hakodade, and the requirements 
Ex. Doc. 34 11 



162 CORRESPONDENCE RELATIVE TO THE 

contained in Article I, of these Kegulations, are hereby made also 
applicable to that port within that distance. 

Article XII. — His Majesty the Emperor of Japan is at liberty to 
appoint whoever he pleases to receive the ratification of the treaty of 
Kanagawa, and give an acknowledgment on his part. 

It is agreed that nothing herein contained shall in any way affect 
or modify the stipulations of the treaty of Kanagawa, should that be 
found to be contrary to these regulations. 

In witness whereof, copies of these additional regulations have been 
signed and sealed in the English and Japanese languages by the 
respective parties, and a certified translation in the Dutch language, 
and exchanged by the commissioners of the United States and Japan. 

SiMODA, Japan, June 17, 1854. 

M. C. PEKKY, 
Commander-in-chief of tie TJ. 8. Naval Forces East India, 

China, and Japan Seas, and Special Envoy to Japan. 



B. 

U. S. Flag-Ship Powhatan, 

Simoda, June 12, 1854. 

GtENTLEMEN: You are hereby appointed to the duty of holding com- 
munication with certain Japanese officials delegated by the Imperial 
P-overnment, in conformity with the treaty of Kanagawa, to arrange 
with officers alike delegated by me the rate of currency and exchange 
which shall for the present govern the payments to be made by the 
several ships of the squadron for articles that have been and are to be 
obtained; also to establish, as far as can be, the price at which coal, 
per pecul or ton, can be delivered on board at this port of Simoda. 

It is not to be understood that the rate of currency or exchange 
which may be agreed upon at this time is to be permanent ; on the 
contrary, it is intended only to answer immediate purposes. Neither 
you nor myself are sufficiently acquainted with the purity and value of 
the Japanese coins to establish a fixed rate of exchange, even if I had 
the power to recognise such arrangement. 

It will, however, be very desirable for you to make yourselves ac- 
quainted with all the peculiarities of the Japanese currency, and also, 
if practicable, with the laws appertaining thereto, as the information 
will be valuable in facilitating all future negotiations upon the sub- 

"^^Vou will, of course, before entering into any agreement which may 
be considered binding, refer to me. 

Very respectfully, your obedient servant, 

M. C. PERRY, 
Commander-in-chief U. S. Naval Forces 

East India and China Seas. 
Purser Wm. Speiden, U. S. Navy. 
Purser J. C. Eldredge, U. S. Navy. 



NAVAL EXPEDITION TO JAPAN. 163 

C. 

United States Steam-Frigate Powhatan, 

Simoda, June 15, 1854. 

Siu: Tlie committee appointed by you, in your letter of the 12th in- 
stant, to confer with a committee from the Japanese commissioners 
in reference to the rate of exchanoje and currency between the two na- 
tions in the trade at the ports opened, and to settle the price of coal 
to be delivered at this port, beg leave to report: 

The Japanese committee, it was soon seen, came to the conference 
with their minds made up to adhere to the valuation they had already 
set upon our coins, even if the alternative was the immediate cessa- 
tion of trade. The basis upon which they made their calculation was 
the nominal rate at which the government sells bullion Avhen it is 
purchased from the mint, and which seems also to be that by Avhich the 
metal is received from the mines. The Japanese have a decimal sys- 
tem of weight, lik'e the Chinese^ of catty, tael, mace^ candareen, and 
cash, by which articles in general are weighed; but gold and silver 
are not reckoned above taels. In China a tael of silver in weight and 
one in currency are the same, for the Chinese have no silver coin; but 
in Japan, as in European countries, the standard of value weight and 
that of currency weight differ. We were told that a tael weight of 
silver has now come to be reckoned, when it is bullion, as equal to 
225 candareens, or 2 taels 2 mace 5 candareens; but when coined, the 
same amount in weight is held to be worth 6 taels 4 mace. It is at 
the bullion value that the government has decided to receive our dol- 
lar, the same at which they take the silver from the mines; asserting 
that, as its present die and assay give it no additional value^ it is worth 
no more to them. In proportion to a tael^ a dollar weighs 7 mace IJ 
candareen^ which, at the rates of bullion value, makes it worth 1 tael 
6 macC;, or 1,600 cash. Thus the Japanese government will make a 
profit of 66| per cent, on every dollar paid them of full weight, with 
the trifling deduction of the expense of re-coining it. The injustice of 
this arrangement was shown, and the propriety of paying to the seller 
himself the coin we gave at this depreciated rate urged, but in vain. 

For gold the rate is more^ as the disparity between the value of bul- 
lion and that of coin, among the Japanese, is not so great. A tael 
weight of gold is valued at 19 taels in currency, and a mace at I tael 
9 mace. The gold dollar weighs almost 5 candareens, but the Japan- 
ese have reckoned it as the twentieth part of a $20 piece, which they 
give as 8 mace 8 candareens; and, consequently, the dollar is only 4 
candareens 4 cash. This weight brings the gold dollar, when com- 
pared with the tael of bullion gold worth 19 taels, to be worth 836 
cash, and the $20 piece to be worth 16,720 cash, or 16 taels 7 mace 
2 candareens. This, when converted into a silver value, makes a gold 
dollar worth 52^^ cents, and a $20 piece worth $10 45, at which the 
Japanese propose to take them. But this valuation of the gold dollar 
at 52|- cents, when reckoned at 836 cash, its assessed value by the 
Japanese government, suffers the same depreciation as our silver; and 
its real value, when compared with the inflated currency in use among 
i the people, is only about 17^ cents. Consequently, by this estimate^ 



164 CORRESPONDENCE RELATIVE TO THE 

gold becomes 50 per cent, worse for us to pay in tlian silver. The 
currency value of a gold dollar^ taking the icMhu as of equal pu- 
rity, and comparing them weight for weight, is only 1,045 cash, or 
nearly 22 cents in silver; so that the actual depreciation on the part 
of the Japanese is not so great as silver — being for the two metals, 
when weighed with each other^ for silver as 100 to 33J;, and for gold 
as 22 to Vj. The elements of this comparison are not quite certain, 
and therefore its results are somewhat doubtful; but the extraordina- 
ry discrepancy of both metals, compared with our coins and with their 
own copper coins, shows how the government has inflated the whole 
monetary system in order to benefit itself. 

The parties could come to no agreement, as we declined to consent 
to the proposals of the Japanese, who were decided to adhere to their 
valuation of a silver dollar at 1 tael 6 mace, or 1,600 cash; neither 
would they consent to do justly by us in relation to the moneys paid 
them at this place before our departure for Hakodade, at the rate of 
only 1 tael 2 mace, or 1,200 cash, to the dollar, by which they had 
made a profit of 75 per cent, on each dollar, stating that the money 
paid them at this rate had passed out of their hands ; and, moreover, 
that the prices placed upon the articles furnished had been charged at 
reduced prices with reference to the low value placed upon the dollar. 

For the amount due and unsettled, for supplies received at Yoku- 
hama, and on account of which Purser Eldredge paid Moryama 
Yenoske, Imperial interpreter, $350 in gold and silver, that they 
might be assayed and tested at Yedo, they consent to receive the dol- 
lar at the valuation now placed on them — that is, at the rate of 1,600 
cash for the silver dollar. 

We carefully investigated the price of the coal to be delivered to ves- 
sels in this port. We learn that 10,000 catties or 100 piculs have 
arrived; and this, at the rate of 1,680 catties to a ton of 2,240 pounds, 
or 16i piculs, costs 262 taels 6 mace 5 candareens 3 cash, or $164 16; 
making the rate to be $27 91 per ton. The Japanese state that the 
price of coal would be considerably reduced as the demand for it 
increased, and their facilities for mining became more perfect. 

In conclusion, we take pleasure in expressing our thanks to Messrs. 
Williams and Portman, whose services as interpreters were indis- 
pensable, and from whom we received important aid in our investi- 
gations. 

We have the honor to be, respectfully, your obedient servants, 

WILLIAM SPEIDEN, 

Purser U. S. Navy, 
J. C. ELDREDGE, 

Purser U. S. Navy, 

Commodore M. C. Perry, 

Commander-in-chief U, S. Naval Forces in the 

East India and China Seas, 



NAVAL EXPEDITION TO JAPAN. 165 

D. 

Regulations respecting pilots, and the supplying of American vessels en- 
tering the port of Simoda. 

A lookout place shall be established at some convenient point, from 
which vessels appearing in the offing can be seen and reported, and 
when one is discovered making apparently for the harbor, a boat shall 
be sent to her with a pilot. 

And in order to carry this regulation into full effect, boats of suit- 
able size and quality shall always be kept in readiness by the harbor- 
master, which, if necessary, shall proceed beyond Rock island, to as- 
certain whether the vessel in sight intends entering the harbor or not. 
If it may be the desire of the master of said vessel to enter port, the 
pilot shall conduct her to safe anchorage, and during her stay shall 
render every assistance in his power in facilitating the procurement of 
all the supplies she may require. 

The rates of pilotage shall be : for vessels drawing over 18 Ameri- 
can feet, fifteen dollars ; for all vessels drawing over 13 and less than 
18 feet, ten dollars ; and for all vessels under 13 feet, five dollars. 

These rates shall be paid in gold or silver coin, or its equivalent in 
goods, and the same shall be paid for piloting a vessel out as well as 
into port. 

When vessels anchor in the outer harbor, and do not enter the inner 
port, only half the above rates of compensation shall be paid to the 
pilot. 

The prices for supplying water to American vessels at Simoda shall 
be fourteen hundred cash per boat-load, (the casks being furnished by 
the vessel.) And for wood delivered on board, about seven thousand 
two hundred cash per cube of five American feet. 

SILAS BENT, 

Flag Lieutenant. 

[Chinese characters.] 

KURA-KAWA-KAHEI, 

Lieutenant Governor. 

U. S. Steam-Frigate Mississippi, 

At Sea, June 28, 1854. 

Approved: M. C. PERRY, 

Commander-in-chief U. S. Naval Forces East India, 

China, and Japan Seas. 
U. S. Steam-Frigate Mississippi, 
Simoda, Japan, June 23, 1854. 

Bepalingen met hetrekking tot loodsen, en het leveren van henodigdheden 
aan Amerikaansche schepen in den haven van Simoda. 

Op eene daartoe geschikte plaats zal een uitkyk worden opgerigt 
van waar schepen in de nabyheid komende kunnen worden gezien, 
alsdan zal de overheid daarvan verwittigd, en een boot met een loods 



166 CORRESPONDENCE RELATIVE TO THE 

aan boord naar liet scliip afgezonden worden als hetzelve naar deze 
haven scliynt te komen. 

Ten einde deze bepaling ten voile uit te voeren zullen booten van 
genoeszame grootte altyd door den bavenmeester in gereedbeid worden 
gebouden, welke booten als ziilks nodig mogt zyn zoover als Rots 
eiland (Mikomoto Sima) zullen gaan om te onderzoeken of bet scbip 
in o-ezigt al of niet in den baven zal komen. Als nu de scbipper van 
ziilk een scbip den baven wil binnen loopen, zal de loods betzelve 
naar eene veilige ankerplaats brengen, en gedurende deszelfs verblyf 
aldaar al bet mogelyke aanwenden, om bet verkrygen van wat bet- 
zelve nodig mogt bebben, gemakkelyk te maken. 

Het loon van den loods zal zyn voor scbepen meer den acbttien 
Amerikaanscbe voeten diep in bet water, vyftien dollars ; voor scbepen 
meer dan dertien en minder dan acbttien voeten diep in bet water, 
tien dollars; en vyf dollars voor scbepen minder dan dertien Ameri- 
kaanscbe voeten diep in bet water. 

Dit loon zal betaald worden in gouden of zilveren munt, ot met 
eene gelyke waarde in goederen en evenveel zal betaald worden voor 
het uitloodsen, als voor bet naar binnen loodsen. 

Als scbepen niet in den binnen baven komen, docb in den buiten 
haven ten anker gaan, zal alleen de belft van de bierboven vastgestelde 
loonen worden betaald. 

Amerikaanscbe scbepen in den baven van Simoda, zullen kunnen 
verkrygen water aan boord tegen veertien bonderd pitjes (cash) voor 
een volgeladen boot, (de watervaten door bet scbip geleend wordende) 
en bran'clbout aan boord geleverd voor ongeveer zeven duizend twee 
honderd pitjes per kubiek iki, of kubiek van vyf Amerikaanscbe 

voeten. ^^ 

SILAS BENT, 

Luitenant Adjudant. 
KURAKAWA KAHEI, 

Luitenant Gouverneur. 

Goedo'ekeurd : ^ 

M. C. PERRY, 
OpperhevellieUer van de Oorlogsmagt van de Vereenig de 

Stateninde zeeenvan Oost Indie, China, en Japan, 
Eene ware vertaling, ^^ ^ ^^ PORTMAN. 

V. S. Stoom Fregat Mississippi, 

Simoda, Japan, den 23sten Juny, 1854. 



E. 



U. S. Steam-Frigate Mississippi, 

At Sea, June 21, 1854. 

Tbis is to certify that Yobatsi, Hikoyemon, and Dsbirobe have 
heen appointed pilots for American vessels entering or departing from 
the port of Simoda, and tbat the following rates for pilotage have 
heen established by the proper authorities, viz: 



NAYAL EXPEDITION TO JAPAN. 167 

For vessels drawing over eighteen American feet $15 00 

For vessels drawing over thirteen and less than eighteen feet 10 00 
For vessels drawing under thirteen feet ,, 5 00 

These rates shall be paid in gold or silver coin, or its equivalent in 
goods ; and the same shall be paid for piloting vessels out as well as 
into port. 

When vessels anchor in the outer roads, and do not enter the inner 
harbor, only half the above rates of compensation shall be paid to the 
pilots. 

By order of the Commander-in-chief : 

SILAS BENT, 

Flag Lieutenant. 
Approved : 

M. C. PEKRY, 
Commander-in-chief of the U. S. Naval Forces in the 

East Lidia, China, and Japan Seas. 
U. S. Steam-Frigate Mississippi, 

Simoda, Island of Niphon, Japan, June 22, 1854. 

Dit dient om te verklaren, dat Yohatsi, Hikoyemon, en Dshirobe 
benoemd zyn als loodsen voor schepenvan de Yereenigde Staten de 
haven van Simoda binnenkomende, of uitgaande ; en dat het loon voor 
de loodsen door de bevoegde overheid is vasgesteld geworden als 
volgt : 

Yoor schepen over 18 Amerikaansche voeten diep in het 

water ., |15 00 

Yoor schepen over 13 en minder dan 18 voeten diep 10 00 

Yoor schepen onder 13 Am : voeten deip 5 00 

Dit loon zal betaald worden in gouden of zilveren munt of met eene 
gelyke waarde in goederen ; en hetzelfde zal betaald worden voor het 
binnen komen als wel als voor het uitgaan. 

Als schepen in den buitenhaven ankeren er niet naar binnen gaan, 
zal alleen de helft van de hierboven vastgestelde loonen worden 
betaald. 

Op last van den Opperbevelhebber : 

SILAS BENT, 

Luitenant Adjudant. 
Goedgekeurd : 

"M. C. PERBY, 
Opperhevelhebher van de Oorlogsmagt van de Vereenig de 

Staten in de zeeen van Cost Indie, 

China, en Japan. 
Eene ware vertaling, 

A. L. C. PORTMAN. 
Y. S. Stoom-Fregat Mississippi, 

Simoda, Japan den 22sten Juny, 1854. 



168 CORRESPONDENCE RELATIVE TO THE 

Commodore Perry to the Secretary of the Navy. 

[No. 53.] U. S. Steam-Frigate Mississippi, 

At Sea, July 18, 1854. 

Sir: It will be recollected that the department ordered me to in- 
vestigate and report upon a communication of Commander James 
Glynn, addressed to Commodore A. C. Jones, in which he claimed to 
have discovered land until then unknown to modern navigators ; that 
my despatch No. 41, bearing date the 9th of February, 1854, con- 
veyed all the information I had, up to that time, been able to obtain. 

On our way to Japan in February last the squadron passed to the 
westward of the island Oho-Sima. In returning I was desirous of 
examining its eastern shores. 

This we have done, and made such reconnoissance of the outline 
of the coast as time and circumstances would permit. I had intended 
to have anchored the ships and communicated freely with the people, 
but I could discover no convenient anchoring places, and was there- 
fore content to send a couple of boats from the Mississippi, in charge 
of Lieutenants Maury and Webb, if for nothing more than to say that 
the Americans had had communication with a land never before 
visited by a Christian person. 

The reports of these officers represent the people as very similiar to 
those of Lew-Chew, but of less thrifty appearance. 

The opinions ex|)ressed in my despatch No. 41 have been confirmed 
by subsequent observations, and Lew-Chew, it appears, is in a measure 
an independent sovereignty, holding only slight allegiance either to 
Japan or China, but preferring rather its relationship to the latter 
empire; that the islands stretching from Formosa to Kiusiu are all 
under its sovereignty, and are in such intercourse with the parent 
island, Great Lew-Chew, as the imperfect character of their means of 
navigation will allow. 

The chart forwarded with despatch No. 41 will be revised, as we 
have since discovered some new dangers, and will be transmitted to 
the department in due time. 

With great respect, I am, sir, your most obedient servant, 

M. C. PERRY, 
Commander-in-chief U. S. Naval Forces East India, 

China, and Japan Seas, 

Hon. James C. Dobbin, 

Secretary of the Navy, Washington, D. C. 

Note. — The chart above referred to was compiled in haste to send 
home by Commander Adams as an illustration of my letter, and was 
not considered particularly accurate, and it is doubtful whether the 
length of degrees of latitude were correctly computed. 



NAVAL EXPEDITION TO JAPAN. 169 

Commodore Perry to the Secretary of the Navy. 

[No. 54.] U. S. Steam-Frigate Mississippi, 

At Sea, July 19, 1854. 

Sir: Having in despatclies Nos. 52 and 53 communicated to the 
department details of the events which transpired in the squadron 
after the sailing of the Vandalia from Hakodadi, and up to the time 
of our arrival at Lew-Chew, it only remains for me to furnish an ac- 
count of our transactions at that island. 

On my arrival there I was informed, by Lieutenant Commandant 
Glasson, that William (George) Board, belonging to the Lexington, 
under his command, had been found in Junk harbor, dead, and it was 
supposed that he had come to his death by violence ; that he had 
caused a jury of officers to hold an inquest upon the body, and had 
demanded an investigation by the local authorities, but had received 
no satisfactory reply to his communication. 

Although, upon due inquiry, I was well satisfied that the murder 
grew out of outrages committed by one or more sailors of the squad- 
ron, I deemed it highly important, with reference to the safety of 
others who might visit the island, that the matter should be fully 
investigated, and consequently made a peremptory demand upon the 
regent, or superintendent of affairs, to cause a judicial trial to be in- 
stituted conformably to the laws of Lew-Chew. 

The demand was complied with ; the court being composed of six 
superior judges, the regent and first treasurer giving their constant 
personal attendance pending the entire proceedings. 

The result of the trial will be shown by reference to accompanying 
papers lettered A, B, C, from which will appear that six natives were 
convicted of being engaged in the attack on the murdered man, and 
that the mayor and constables of Napa were punished for neglect of 
duty. 

The ringleader was brought by the regent and first treasurer, bound, 
on board the Mississippi, and delivered over to my custody, to be dealt 
with according to the laws of the United States, and was remanded 
by me back to the authorities of the regent, for which he expressed 
many thanks. 

This was an unfortunate affair, and the only instance of any seri- 
ously unpleasant occurrence during our long intercourse with these 
people. Two of the Americans who first commenced the disturbance 
have been tried by court-mar ial. 

During the progress of these trials, native lighters were employed 
in taking to the steamers all the coal remaining in the coal-shed, 
which, as belonging to the United States, I caused to be put in order 
and left in charge of the local authorities, being well assured that it 
will be carefully looked after, and kept in readiness for the reception 
of coal, should it be determined to make any further deposite at this 
place. 

I also entered into a compact with the royal authorities, which binds 
the government and people of Lew-Chew to treat with kindness and 
friendship all Americans visiting the ports of the island, to supply 
them with whatever they may need, and to succor and protect all 



170 CORRESPONDENCE RELATIVE TO THE 

shipwrecked persons who may be thrown ashore upon any part of the 
kingdom; to establish pilots, &c. (See accompanying paper, D.) 

The original of this compact will be forwarded to the department, 
with other similar papers, when a safe private conveyance may offer. 

Having completed all my business at this place, and entertaining 
for the last time the high authorities of Lew-Chew on board the Mis- 
sissippi, I left Napa on the morning of the 17th instant, in com- 
pany with the Powhatan, the Lexington having sailed two days before 
for Hong-Kong. 

The Powhatan was on the same day despatched for Ning-po-Fou, 
Fuh-chow-Fuh, and Amoy, on the coast of China, to inquire into the 
interests of Americans resident at those places, and from Amoy to 
proceed to Hong-Kong. 

I had intended to have accompanied her with the Mississippi ; but 
in consideration of the long interval of time since we have received 
communications from Washington, and being aware of the existence 
of war in Europe, on further reflection I thought it more advisable 
to proceed at once to Hong-Kong, where I hope to arrive in tw^o or 
three days. 

Thus, sir, I have finished the work assigned to me with respect to 
Japan ; and I trust that, on my arrival in China, I may find letters 
from the department authorizing my return to the United States — a 
relief made the more necessary to me for reason of continued ill-health, 
and consequent debility. 

With great respect, I am, sir, your most obedient servant, 

M. C. PEKRY, 
.Gommander-in-cliief U. S. Naval Forces 

East India, China, and Japan Seas. 

Hon. James C. Dobbin, 

Secretary of the Navy, Washington, D. C. 



[No. 54 A.] U. S. Steam-Frigate Mississippi, 

At Sta, July 20, 1854. 

Sir : Owing to want of time the Japanese authorities had not com- 
menced the establishment of a coal depot at Simoda, conformably to 
the treaty ; nor is it desirable that they should until they have notice 
from the United States government that certain quantities may be re- 
quired. 

I have procured, to be sent to Washington for analysis and practical 
trial, nearly ten tons of coal Doubtless there is abundance of this 
valuable fuel in the empire ; but, owing to the small use made of it in 
the country, it has not been mined to any extent, and that which we 
have is evidently what is called surface-coal. 

It will be recollected that the chief interpreter, Moryama Einoske, 
the same who had the confidence of the commissioners in all our nego- 
tiations, declared most positively to Commander Glynn that there was 
nothing of the kind in Japan, and pretended much curious interest iti 
ex minii ^ some that the armorer was using at the time on board the 
Preble. 



NAVAL EXPEDITION TO JAPAN. 171 

A good many presents have been delivered to my charge for the 
President, including some small articles of furniture as decorations for 
one of the rooms of the President's house ; these will be forward'ed by 
one of the returning vessels of the squadron, as also those presented 
to myself and officers from the Imperial government ; they are of no 
great value, but will serve as specimens of the Japanese fabrics, 
laquered ware, &c. A hst will be forwarded in due time. 

I have procured at Yesso and Nippon, and at Lew-Chew, blocks of 
the best material of stone to be had, which I propose to send to the 
Washington Monument Association, and hope to obtain additional 
specimens in China and other ports of the East, for the same object. 

I have found the printing-press, sent out by the State Department, 
particularly useful. 

With great respect, I am, sir, your most obedient servant, 

M. C. PERRY, 
Commander-in-chief U. S. Naval Forces 

East India, China, and Japan Seas. 
Hon. James C. Dobbin, 

Secretary of' the Navy, Washington, D. C, 



A. 

A prepared statement. — Shang-Hiun-hiung, superintendent of affairs 
at Shui, in the kingdom of Lew-Chew, makes this petition to explain 
matters: On the 1st instant I received your excellency's orders, in 
which it is said " that Captain Glasson had reported to you that one 
of his seamen named Board had been wounded by the Lew-Chewans, 
and had fallen into the water and drowned, and that it was necessary 
to arrest the murderer and examine him." 

I immediately required the mayor to examine the affair, who, in 
course, ascertained of the constables, from their investigation, that the 
man Board got very drunk, and falling into the water, was drowned, 
none of the common people having w^ounded or beat hirn ; and these 
points he returned as his report, which I also gave as the result of the 
inquiries made in the statement formerly presented. 

On the 3d I again received your excellency's command, "that it 
was imperative that the murderer be given up, and full atonement 
made." I thereupon came myself to the town hall of Napa, where, 
with the treasurer and criminal judge, careful personal scrutiny was 
made into the affair, under the cognizance of the lower magistrates of 
Napa; calling before us the people of the streets and markets, and 
closely questioning them. 

It appears that on the 12th of June three American sailors, passing 
through the streets of Napa, forcibly entered a man's house, and took 
therefrom some liquor, which they drank till they became drunk; two 
of them to such a degrte that they laid down in the streets. The other 
got over a wall into a private house, and forced a woman, who having 
no strength to resist him, cried out with loud cries. One of her relatives 



172 CORRESPONDENCE RELATIVE TO THE 

named I-kien, hastily running in on hearing her, saw the man in the 
act, and threw him down on the ground. Alarmed and repulsed, the 
sailor fled out to escape. 

Many persons had by this time assembled and pursued after him 
with stones, throwing them at him, and he fled to the sea-side, and, 
falling into the water, was drowned. 

I reflected that this rape not only was a great shame to the woman, 
but was also a mortifying disgrace to the country, and therefore the 
local officers of Napa did not dare to make it known in all its particu- 
lars ; but simply made a statement that a drunken sailor, in his incohe- 
rent stumbling and reeling, had fallen into the water and was drowned. 
They were greatly alarmed and grieved at what had occurred. 

On learning these particulars, the judge immediately called the wo- 
man, who had received this outrage, to be carefully questioned ; but 
she could not detail how she had so suddenly met this violence ; that it 
was plain to him that such was really the truth. 

I then directed that all persons who were suspected of having thrown 
stones, or pursued after him in the mob, be called up, that they might 
be carefully examined, and they generally said, " to force a woman is 
what all men detest and are angry at, and would, without thinking, 
strike and wound the one guilty of it." There is some reason in this, 
too; but still, those who acted thus should be apprehended and deliv- 
ered over to the American oflScers for trial, since it is altogether illegal 
to throw stones and wound persons, causing them thereby to fall into 
the water and be drowned. I have therefore handed in the names of 
the guilty persons found out, and their punishments, for your inspec- 
tion. 

The mayor, by taking the nonsensical and erroneous reports of the 
police constables, and handing the same in as a true statement, caused 
me to err very seriously, and offend your excellency ; and he and they 
have alike been properly punished as they deserve. I humbly beg 
your excellency to bestow your lightning glance on this statement. 

June 7, 1854. 



B. 

The result of the judicial investigation of Mitu, of Higashi-mura, a female 

aged fifty. 

On the 12th of June she heard that some Americans, drunk with 
excess of liijuor, were rambling about everywhere ; she and her niece 
were alone and shut the doors of the house, when about 4 o'clock one 
of them came scrambling over the walls of the house and forced him- 
self into the house. She was exceedingly alarmed, and in her fright 
ran out doors to get away, when the man seized her and drew a knife, 
threatening her, as he brandished it, into compliance with his desires. 
She cried out with a loud voice, but he held on to her ; she was too 
weak to resist, and suffered his ravishment, losing all consciousness of 



NAVAL EXPEDITION TO JAPAN. 173 

herself. By this time, people hearing of it ran together, and giving her 
some stimulus, she anon came to herself. 

The testimony ofJima, given on the trial. — "On the 12th of June, about 
4 p. m., hearing a woman in the next house crying out, many persons 
came together, I also going to see what was the cause, and found that 
an American had violated a female of Kugusku, named Mitu, who was 
in truth a relative of mine. Unable to bear it patiently, I threw the 
man to the ground ; but as she had fainted away entirely, I remained 
with her in the house to give her some remedies, and am therefore 
quite ignorant of what happened to this American afterwards." 

The evidence of Tokisi. — "On the 12th of June, about four p. m., I 
heard that a woman of Kugusku, named Mitu, had been forced by an 
American, and as T ran quickly into the house I saw the man hasten- 
ing out and running off. Irritated and greatly enraged, I threw a stone 
and hit him on the head and wounded him. Just then Konishi was at 
Tembe-chu (the temple of the. Queen of Heaven) loitering about, and 
a great crowd came up from the Tenshikwan pursuing an American, 
which, when he had heard the circumstances, he joined in and threw 
two stones after him, which, however, did not hit to wound him. The 
American, ashamed to see people after such a deed, turned from the 
main road before him and passed aside towards the beach westward, 
directly tow^ards San Chung Ching, where he fell into the water and 
was drowned. Konishi himself then went by a cross path to Hwashito, 
where he saw him drowned. 

" Yara also was passing through the market at the time, and hearing 
the crowd speaking of the violence done to Mitu, and being near the 
Tenshikwan when the crowd was pursuing the man, threw stones at 
him twice, but not to wound him. When he passed the west beach 
and turned towards the San Chung Ching, there were many persons, 
unknown to the said Yara, who were likewise chasing the man, and 
saw him, some thirty or forty steps further on, fall in and drown. Chi- 
ning, Arakaki, and Karagusku, hearing of the cause of the mob, joined 
it and cast stones at the man ; yet not so as to wound him." 

These having all been again and again examined, and their evidence 
tallying, have been thus condemned: 

Tokisi, aet. 29, of Higahsi-mura, (or East village,) to be banished to 
Pachung San for life. 

Konishi, aet. 16, of Korni-mura; Yara, aet. 18, of Watangi-mura ; 
Arakaki, aet. 19, of Higashi-mura; Chiming, aet. 18, of Nishi-mura, (West 
village,) and Karagusku, aet. 32, of Nishi-mura, to be banished to Tai- 
ping San for eight years. 

The mayor of Napa, Mo Zhinkuring, has been deprived of his rank 
and pay, but continued in office. 

The deputy magistrates, Ri Yung-sho, Zhin Zaidin, Zhia Bunmo, 
and Gu Fitsnching, have all been deprived of office. 



174 CORRESPONDENCE RELATIVE TO THE , 

c. 

U. S. Steam-Frigate Mi'^srssippi, 

Napa, Lew- Chew, July 11, 1854. 

Your Highness : I have received ihe communicHtioii of your high- 
ness, giving an account of the second judicial examinaiion in ihe case 
of the murder of William Board, a person belonging to ihe scjuadion 
under my command, and am glad to observe that justice has at last 
been administered by ihe authoiities of Lew-Chew. 

By a careful examination of the case, it appears that Board was 
guilty of a most heinous crime; but, instead of being airested and 
brought to trial, according to law, he was stoned to death by a riotous 
and lawless mob. 

Your hjghness, up^n my demand for further investigation, has brought 
the offenders to justice, and placed at my di>pnsal, to be dealt with 
according to the laws of the United Stales, the rmgleader, Toki-i; and, 
consi(iering the representations of your highness, and regaidful of the 
comity w^hich should subsist between two friendly nations, I have 
returned the criminal to your custody, in the full coiiviction that he 
will, in accordance with the sentence pfonounced by the Lew-Chewan 
authorities, be held in durance during life, as an exanjple to all evil- 
doers. 

With profound respect, 

M. C. PEKRY, 
Commander-in-chief U. S. Sacal Foncs 

East India, Chma, and Japan Seas. 

His Highness Sho Fu Fing, 

Regent of Lew- Chew. 



Compact between the United States and- the Mngdom, of Lew-Chew, signed 
at Napa, Great Lew- Chew, the 11th day of July, 1^54. 

Hereafter, whenever citizens of the United States come to Lew-CI ew, 
ihey shall be treated with great courtesy and Iriei.dship. Whaievcr 
articles these persons ask lor, whether from the- ( ffi; cr.s or peo, ile, 
which the country can furnish, shall be sold to them; nor >hali the 
authorities interpose any prohibitory regulations to tiie p( opic s(-iling; 
and whatever either party may wish to buy, shall l)e exehaniied at rea- 
sonable prices. 

Whenever ships of the United States shall come into any hatboi in 
Lew-Chew, they shall be supplied with wood and wdKT at rea.-dnabl(^ 
prices; but if they wish to get other articles, they ^^h '11 be purcha>eabie 
only at Napa. 

If ships of the United States are wrecked on Great Lew Cliew, or 
on islands under the jurisdiction of the royal governiueni of Lew -Chew, 
tlie local authorities shall despatch p(T>on> lo assi.-t in savmg lite and 
proper y, and preserve what can be brought ashore till the ships o1 that. 
n tion shall come to take aw ly all that may have been savt-cf and the 
expenses incurred in rescuing these unlor.unate persons shall be re- 
unded by t e nation they belong to. 



NAVAL EXPEDITION TO JAPAN. 175 

Whenever persons from ships of the United States come ashore in 
Lew Chew, they shall be at liberty to ramble where they please, with- 
out hindrance, or having officials sent to follow them, or to spy what 
they do ; but if they violently go into houses, or trifle with women, or 
force people to sell them things, or do other such like illegal acts, they 
shnll be arrested by the local officers, but not maltreated, and shall be re- 
ported to the captain of the ship to which they belong, for punishment 
by him. 

At Tumai is a burial-ground for the citizens of the United States, 
where their graves and tombs shall not be molested. 

The government of Lew-Chew shall appoint skilful pilots, who shall 
be OQ the lookout for ships appearing off the island ; and if one is seen 
coming towards Napa, they shall go out in good boats beyond the reefs 
to conduct her in to a secure anchorage; tor which service the captain 
shall psy the pilot five dollars, and the same for going out of the har- 
bor beyond the ree^s. 

Wlienever ships anchor at Napa, the local authorities shall furnish 
the n with wood at the rate of three thousand six hundred copper cash 
per thousand catties; and with water at the rate of six hundred copper 
cash, (43 cents,) f)r one thousand catties, or six barrels full, each con- 
taining 30 American gallons. 

Signed in the English and Chinese languages, by Commodore Mat- 
thew C. Perry, commander-in chief of the United States naval forces 
in ihe I^Jast India, Chma, and Japan seas, and special envoy to Japan, 
for the United States; and by Sho Fu Fing, Superintendent of Affairs 
(Tsu-li-kwan) in Lew-Chew, and Ba flio-si. Treasurer of Lew-Chew, 
at vS()ui, tor the government of Lew-Chew; and copies exchanged this 
11 :h day of July, 1854, or the reign Hien Fung, 4th year, 6th moon, 
17 th day, at the town half of Napa. 

U. S. Steam-Frigate Mississippi, 

At Sea, July 17, 1854. " 



Commodore Perry to the Secretory of the Navy, 

U. S. Frigate Mississippi, 

Hong Kong, .Mi, 29, 1854. 
Sik: In forwarding the accompanying document.^, I take pleasure in 

commending to ihe favorrjb'e notice of the department the energetic 
and t^aliant conduct of Commander Kelly and his officers during their 
rect nt service at Shanghai. 

W ith great respect, 1 am, sir, your most obedient servant, 

M. C. PERRY. 
Command er-in-(hi( J of U. »N. I^aval Forces 

East India, China, and Japan Seas. 
Hon. James (\ Dobbin- 

Seer e tar ij of tk^ Savy, Washington. 



176 CORRESPONDENCE RELATIVE TO THE 

U. S. Sloop Plymouth, 

Hong Ko7ig, July 22, 1854. 

Sir : Since my last report by Lieut. Commanding Sinclair, of the 
store-ship Supply, on the 28th of February last, I have to state that, 
during that month the imperial troops encamped round the settlement 
of Shanghai, and the imperial fleet anchored off that place commenced 
a series of aggressive acts towards the foreigners — the first by tearing 
down buildings that were being put up, and steahng the materials ; 
while the latter, without giving any previous notice to foreigners, com- 
menced firing upon and searching all boats passing up or down the 
river. These acts were performed in the most brutal and insulting 
manner. 

Many complaints were made to the general commanding the troops, 
and to the Taoutae, commander-in-chief of the fleet. These two func- 
tionaries at length acknowledged their inability to protect the foreign- 
ers, and remarked that they (the foreigners) would have to protect 
themselves. 

On the 6th of March last a pilot-boat, owned by an American citizen, 
and having the x\merican ensign flying, was fired upon by the Sir H. 
Compton, one of the imperial fleet, and ordered alongside, which was 
complied with. On her reaching the Compton she was boarded by an 
armed body of men, who immediately hauled down the American flag, 
dragged the crew of the boat up the side of the ship, and hung them 
up to the mainmast by their queues. 

This was reported to me by the consul about 7 o'clock on the even- 
ing of the 6th of March last I immediately directed Lieut. Guest to 
proceed with an armed boat to the Sir H. Compton, and rf^lease the 
boat and crew, and to inquire of the captain by what authority he had 
dared to insult the American flag. 

I refer you to Lieut. Guest's report, which I enclose, (marked A,) 
for the manner in which that duty was performed-; and in which I fully 
concur. 

On the 7th I requested Mr. Murph}^ our consul, to state to the Ta- 
outae, that as the officers atid crew of the imperial ship-of-war, the Sir 
H Compton, had insulted the United States flag, I should require of 
him that the American flag should be hoisted, in open day, at the fore- 
royalmast-head of the Sir H. Compton, and saluted with twenty-one 
guns. 

On the 19th of March I received the enclosed communication from 
Mr. Murphy, marked B. 

On the morning of the 20th I got under way and proceeded to 
where the imperial fleet were anchored, for the purpose of enforcing 
my demand. I had scarcely anchored before the captain of the SirH. 
Compton came on board and stated that he was ordered by the Taou- 
tae to make any concession I might demand, and that on the following 
day he would hoist the American flag at the fore, and at noon salute 
it with twenty-one guns ; v\ hich was accordingly done on the noon of 
the 21st, when I returned to my anchorage off the American consulate. 

The aggressions of the imperial troops still continued in the outskirts 
of the settlement; and, although fi-equently warned by the different con- 



NAVAL EXPEDITION TO JAPAN. 177 

suls of the consequences that might take place if they were not sup- 
pressed, the old reply was given, that the foreigners would be obliged 
to protect themselves. 

On the 3d of April last, some of the imperial troops from the camps 
near the race-course commenced destroying a building then beino- 
erected by one of the foreigners, and carrying away the timber. The 
owner ,_ upon being informed of the fact, immediately repaired to the 
spot with a friend and rem.onstrated with them, when they drew their ~ 
swords and commenced an attack upon both of the gentlemen. For- 
tunately, one of the assailed party had a revolver, with which he 
defended himself and wounded two of the assailants, upon which they 
retreated. But soon after they began to assemble from the different 
camps in the neighborhood, and attacked a lady and gentleman who 
were walking on the race-course. The gentleman received several 
wounds, while the lady had to fly for her life, pursued by these men. 

The alarm was immediately given, when a small body of English 
marines that were posted on shore for the purpose of giving protection, 
repaired to the race-course, when they were immediately fired upon by 
the imperial troops, and were obliged to seek shelter behind the tombs,, 
with which the fields are Hter ally covered. The bluejackets and marines, 
were soon landed from the English ships-of-war — the Encounter and^ 
the brig Grecian-^and this ship, and the troops driven back to their en-- 
campments, one of which was captured and destroyed. We then re- 
tired for the night, keeping up strong patroles. The next morningj. 
(April 4) after a consultation with the English and American con- 
suls. Captain O'Callaghan and myself, we considered it necessary for 
the safety of the settlement to direct a communication to the General 
and Taoutae, informing them of the cause of the disturbance the evening 
previous, and stating that the entrenched encampments immediately in 
the vicinity of the race-course must be abandoned by four o'clock thafe 
day, or we should be obhged, for our own security, to destroy them. 

No reply having been received up to half-past three, we proceeded 
to take up our positions. Captain O'Callaghan, with the Shanghai 
volunteers and about one hundred and fifty blue jackets and marines^ 
occupied the right, while the sailors and marines from this ship, num- 
bering about sixty, and 30 men from the American merchant-ships, 
with two private field-pieces, worked by American citizens who placed 
themselves under my command, occupied the left. We had also one 
twelve-pound boat-howitzer. At four p. m. we commenced throwing 
shells into the encampment. This was continued for about fifteen or 
twenty minutes, when, no return being made from the entrenchment, I 
directed the howitzer to cease firing, intending to charge into the camp; 
but on advancing within about thirty yards I found that I was sepa- 
rated by a creek twenty feet wide and seven deep. 

At this moment the imperial troops commenced a smart fire of mus- 
ketry and gingals upon us from behind their mud-walls, while we were 
totally unprotected. We returned their fire for about ten minutes, when 
I directed a flank movement to the left, where we could find some pro- 
tection from the numerous mounds, and also enable us to fire into the 
camp. In about eight minutes the imperiahsts retreated in great dis- 
order, leaving a number of dead and wounded on the field. Captain 
Ex. Doc. 34 12 



178 CORRESPONDENCE RELATIVE TO THE 

O'Callaghan having captured and set fire to the entrenchments he had 
attacked, came up in the rear of the one I had engaged and set it on 
fire also. We then retired for the night. The next morning at day- 
light we returned to the field with about one hundred Chinese " coolies" 
Eind levelled the embankments. 

I regret to say that in the attack one of my m.en, George McCorkle, 
(seaman) was killed, and one ordinary seaman and two marines 
wounded. The wounded are all well. 

Captain Pearson, of the American merchant-ship Rose Standish, 
who was wounded while working one of the howitzers, has since died. 
JVIr. Gray, chief clerk in the house of Russel & Co., was wounded in 
both legs, one of which had to be amputated. He is well. 

I cannot close without expressing my warmest approbation of the 
stead}^ and gallant conduct of the men and officers under my command, 
while exposed to a heavy fire from the imperial entrenchments. 

The casualties on the English side were about the same as ours — 
^one killed and three wounded. 

Ever3nhing remained quiet up to the day of my leaving, (June 17.) 
The rsbels still hold the city. 

The Vandalia arrived on the 14th of June last, when I transferred 
all orders and instructions to Commander Pope. 

The United States steam-ship Susquehanna, Commander Buchanan, 
with the honorable Mr. McLane, our Commissioner to China, was at 
Shanghai, expecting to leave, by the 6th of July, for Hong-Kong. 

After leaving Shanghai, I proceeded to Xmg-po. Enclosed I send 
you a copy of the report of our vice-consul, D. B. McCartee. 

As Fou-Chow had been visited, a few days previous to the arrival 
of the Vandalia, b}' Commander Buchanan and Mr. McLane, in the 
steamer Confucius, and as they reported all quiet, I did not deem it 
necessary to anchor at that place, and therefore proceeded to Amoj, 
where I remained about thuty-six hours. 

Our consul reported everything quiet in that quarter. I left on the 
noon of the 7th instant, and anchored in this harbor on the morning of 
the 14th ot July. 

I have the honor to be, sir, very respectfiilly, your obedient servant, 

JOHN KELLY, 

Comma?id€r, 

Commodore M. C. Perry, 

Commajiding U. S. Naval Squadron in the 

East Lidia, Chinas and Ja^an Seas. 



A. 

U. S. Sloop-of-war Plymouh, 

Shanghai, March 7, 1854. 

Sir: In obedience to 3'our orders of last night, I took charge of the 
third cutter of this ship, manned by eleven men, (armed,) and pro- 
ceeded alongside of the Chinese imperial ship-of-war Sir Herbert 
Compton. I was accompanied by Messrs. Ayers, Liuklater, and Don- 
tdJson, owners of the captured boat. 



NAVAL EXPEDITION TO JAPAN. 179 

The first part of your instructions obliged me to find the captain of 
the Compton, if possible, and to deliver to him the note you had con- 
fided to me. Not finding the captain on board, and being informed he 
was on board the Agnes, (another Chinese vessel-of-war,) I pulled to 
her; but he was not there, and I was told he was on shore. I there- 
fore gave up the search for him, and determined to execute the second 
part of your instructions, which were, " to obtain the release of the 
captured boat, if I could," by which I supposed myself authorized to 
use force, as far as the means under my command would admit. 

The Sir Herbert Compton, mounting ten or twelve guns, being 
anchored in the middle of the Chinese fleet, and having some forty men 
on her deck, (as well as I could judge at night,) renegadoes of all na- 
tions, I thought the attempt to release the six prisoners who composed 
the crew of the captured American pilot-boat a service of some deli- 
cacy. I therefore proceeded in the following manner; but I must 
premise that the prisoners were tied by the hair of the head around 
the mainmast. I went alongside the second time, and went on board, 
accompanied by the three pilots before mentioned, cautioning my men 
to come when they were called, and not before. 

This time I inquired for the commanding officer, when a Portuguese 
stepped forward and claimed that rank. I asked him how he dared 
to make prisoners of men under the protection of the American flag, 
and demanded their release, and that the boat should be given up. 

He replied that he did not do it ; and that in the absence of the cap- 
tain he had no authority to release either the men or the boat. He then 
conferred with another official, (a Chinaman,) who confirmed his deci- 
sion. 

I therefore called my men " to come on board," which they did with 
surprising alacrity, cutlass in hand ; and they soon cast loose the prison- 
ers. At this time the crew of the Sir Herbert Compton had assumed 
a menacing attitude, and Mr. Donaldson called out to me that some 
men on the poop-deck were aiming their muskets at us. Fortunately, 
the commanding officer was very near me. Drawing and cocking my 
pistol, I presented it at him, and told him the first shot fired I would 
blow his brains out. Upon this threat he called out loudly for his crew 
to desist ; and we got off the prisoners, as well as the boat, without fur- 
ther difficulty. 

Mr. Ayres having examined the boat, told me his property was safe, 
which left me nothing more to do but to convoy the pilot-boat to a 
place of safety within gun-shot of the Plymouth, 

Having, sir, thus executed your orders in the spirit in which I be- 
lieve them to have been given, I returned on board. 

I am, very respectfully, your obedient servant, 

JOHN GUEST, 

Lieut. U, S.N. 

Com. John Kelly, 

Commanding U, S. Sloojt Plymouth* 



180 CORRESPONDENCE RELATIVE TO THE 

Seattary of the Navy to Commodore Perry, 

Navy Department, 

September 19, 185 4. 

Sir : You will appreciate properly the apparent delay in acknowl- 
edging the receipt of the treaty with the Emperor of Japan, and the 
very interesting notes accompanying it, when I inform you that the de- 
sire of the department was to transmit the despatch, with the ratification 
by the Senate, through the hands of Commander Adams. Although the 
State Department, I am assured, will return the ratification through 
Commander Adams, as bearer of despatches, it has not as yet (no doubt 
from the great pressure of business) found it convenient to do so. 

I tender to you my warm congratulations on the happy success of 
your novel and interesting mission. You have won additional fame for 
yourself, reflected new honor upon the very honorable service to which 
you belong, and, we all hope, have secured for your country, for com- 
merce, and for civilization, a triumph the blessings of which may be 
enjoyed by generations yet unborn. 

The Senate, very promptly, unanimously ratified the treaty, and I 
indulge the hope that Commander Adams will soon return to bear it to 
Japan. 

I am, very respectfully, your obedient servant. 

J. C. DOBBIN. 

Commodore M. C. Perry, 

Commanding U. S. Squadron 

East India and China Seas, Hong Kong, China, 



Commodore Perry to the Secretary of the Navy, 

On board English Mail Steamer Hindostan, 

At Sea, Indian Ocean, October 7, 1854. 

Sir: I have the honor to enclose, herewith, a copy of a communi- 
cation addressed by me, from Singapore, to the Hon. R. M. McLane, 
Commissioner to China, in explanation of which I may inform the de- 
partment, that on arrival at Ceylon, on my outward passage to China, 
I met a ship of the King of Siam, having on board a number of dis- 
tinguished Bhudhist priests on a pilgrimage to a temple near to 
Galle. To the captain of this ship and to the pilgrims I paid some at- 
tention, in view of availing of so favorable an opportunity ol opening a 
correspondence with the younger brother of the King, the one who 
evinced so much friendship to those of our officers who had already 
visited his country. 

Accordingly, in a letter addressed to this Prince, I informed him of 
my desire to visit at some future time, with the steamers of my command, 
his flourishing country, and to endeavor by every suitable act to en- 
large and cement more strongly the friendly intercourse already sub- 
sisting between the United States and Siam. 

It was m}^ desire to revise the treaty entered into by the late Mr. 
Roberts, which had virtually become a dead letter, and altogether in- 



NAVAL EXPEDITION TO JAPAN. 181 

operative, and that with England had also shared the same fate ; and, 
although subsequent attempts had been made by Sir John Davis, and 
Sir James Brooke, (the rajah) on the part of England, and Mr. Balles- 
tiere, as envoy from the United States, I was induced to think that 
another trial would have resulted more successfully, and consequently, 
under the authority of one of my blank letters of credence, took the 
preliminary steps in the business. 

But knowing the character of all Eastern potentates, I was not dis- 
posed to venture hastily upon a visit to Bankuk, (even if it had been 
at the time practicable,) there^ possibly, to be politely repulsed, as the 
three gentlemen last mentioned had been. Therefore, on arrival at 
Canton, and conferring with our secretary of legation. Dr. Parker, I 
addressed myself, with his assistance, confidentially, to two of the 
American missionaries resident in Siam, and in good favor with the 
King, requesting them to make inquiry as to the feelings of the King and 
his ministers with respect to the government and people of the United 
States, and to give me their candid opinions, whether, if I came to 
Siam, I should be successful in effecting the object of my visit. 

In due time I received rephes not only from the second King, but 
from the reverend gentlemen addressed by me. The letter of the King 
was merely one of courtesy ; those of the missionaries assured me of a 
friendly reception at court, but expressed some uncertainty as to the 
disposition of the government to enter into more liberal commercial in- 
tercourse with foreign powers. On the whole, however, they rather 
recommended the proposed visit. Since the dates of these letters, I have 
received another from the second King, equally friendly, and referring 
me to his brother, the first King ; and from other information obtained 
I should have made up my mind to enter upon the experiment after my 
return from Japan, if circumstances had permitted. 

It may be asked why I did not take advantage of the interval of 
my detention in China to make the desired visit. The answer is, that 
I had not at the time a sufficiency of coal on hand to authorize so 
large an expenditure as would have been required in the passage of 
the steamers to and from Siam, and still leave an adequate supply for 
my second visit to Japan. 

One of my objects had been to induce the King to send one of his 
ships (all of which combine both war and commercial purposes) to the 
United States with some of his most intelligent officers — many of 
whom speak English* — there to examine into our institutions, re- 
sources, &c.; the surest way, in my opinion, of securing the respect 
and friendship for our government of a people not more than half- 
civilized, as we understand civilization. 

My plans with respect to Siam have, however, been frustrated by 
the indispensable delay in the negotiations with Japan and the neces- 
sary return of the Mississippi and Susquehanna by way of the Pacific, 
the employment on special service of the Powhatan, and the impera- 
tive necessity of keeping a ship constantly at Canton and Shanghai. 

Copies of all the correspondence referred to above have been fur- 

* Both the Kings speak and write English. 



182 CORRESPONDENCE RELATIVE TO THE 

nished to Mr. McLane, and will also be forwarded to the department 
on my return to the United States. 

With respect to the possibility of opening an intercourse with Cochin 
China, notwithstanding the previous failures of England, France, and 
the United States, I am of opinion, founded upon reliable information 
obtained in China proper and at Singapore, that a favorable issue 
might be accomplished, provided that small steamers of light draught 
were employed to ascend the rivers upon which the principal cities 
are situated, and in sufficient force to resist and prevent insult, to com- 
mand respect, and, as a consequence, to secure the friendship of these 
singular people ; and though the trade of Cochin China and the neigh- 
boring countries is growing in importance, it is a question whether the 
advantages of a treaty purchased at so much expense would be other- 
wise desirable than as reflecting high honor upon the enterprise and 
energy of a nation yet comparatively in its infancy. 

With great respect, I have the honor to be your most obedient ser- 
vant, 

M. C. PERRY. 

Hon. James C. Dobbin, 

Secretary of the Navy, Washington, 

Note. — With reference to the blank letters of credence mentioned 
above, five were intrusted to my charge, to be filled up by me if a 
suitable occasion occurred. 



Singapore, September 19, 1854. 

My Dear Mr. McLane : On arrival at this place I was informed 
by our consul that a Siamese messenger from the King had been wait- 
ing some time here to see me. 

I have this moment parted with him, and he informs me that the 
King was much pleased with the intelligence that I contemplated 
visiting Siam, and had erected a building for my reception, and made 
many other preparations to do me all honor ; that on such occasion, or 
rather the occasion of my visit, he would depart from the usual court 
etiquette, and receive me in person, &c., &c. 

An hour before my interview with the Siamese messenger I had held 
a long conversation with Colonel Butterworth, the governor of Singa- 
pore, who had received a letter from the King of Siam, an old corre- 
spondent of his, in which the King refers to me, and remarks that he 
was anxiously awaiting my arrival; another letter received by the 
governor from the same source he had forwarded to Sir John Bow- 
ring, which he will doubtless show you. 

I give the above for what it is worth. All these preparations may 
possibly be intended merely as a blind to conceal a predetermined in- 
tention of conceding nothing in the way of improving the character 
of the existing treaty with the United States. 

As Colonel Butterworth very justly remarked, the Siamese princes, 



NAVAL EXPEDITION TO JAPAN. 183 

like all Eastern potentates, are full of diplomatic duplicity; nevertheless, 
I should have much liked to have had a bout with his Siamese 
majesty. 

Most respectfhlly and truly yours, 

M. C. PERRY. 



Commodore Perry to the Secretary of the Navy. 

English Mail Steamer Hindostan, 

At Sea. Indian Ocean, October 9, 1854. 

Sir : Being uncertain v^hether I have informed the department that 
the sloop-of-war Plymouth and store-ship Lexington have on board 
numerous plants of Japan and China, of ornamental trees, fruits, flow- 
ers, &c., as also plants of the sugar-cane, together with various 
articles of presents from the Emperor of Japan, mostly intended for 
the President's House, I deem it advisable, in the possibility of such 
an omission, to give the information at this time. 

Commander Kelly being ordered to Norfolk, comformably with the 
instructions of the department, was directed by me to go first to An- 
napolis, in view of landing and transmitting the articles, with the least 
possible delay, to Washington, and thence to return with his ship down 
the bay to Norfolk; but having, since the date of these instructions, 
met him at Singapore — at which place, and at Penang, in the Straits 
of Mellacca, he had been instructed to stop, for the purpose of receiv- 
ing on board sugar-cane plants — I verbally informed him that he might 
exercise his discretion, whether to go to Annapolis or send the articles 
direct from Norfolk. Lieutenant Commanding Glasson, in the Lexing- 
ton, bound to New York, (conformablv to orders from department,) with 
about three hundred plants on board, planted in what are called 
Ward's boxes, has also instructions to exercise his discretion, whether 
or not to touch at Annapolis, to land and forward the plants by railroad, 
in consideration of the possible danger of their being injured by the 
frost. 

Dr. Morrow, the person sent out by the government as agriculturist, 
has charge of these plants, in the collection and preparation of which 
1 have spared no pains. 

I have also sent with them a Chinese gardener, rated on the ship's 
books as an ordinary seaman, who is acquainted with the several vari- 
eties, and would doubless be very useful as an under-gardener in the 
public grounds, especially in instructing others in the Chinese mode of 
ornamental gardening. 

As the store-ships all go to New York in ballast, I have put on board 
myself, and allowed all the officers, who desired it, to send home in 
like manner, such articles of curiosity and usefulness as they have col- 
lected ; it being, of course, understood that these articles are for the 
exclusive use of the officers, and are not intended as merchandise. 
And, to prevent any misunderstanding, I have thought it advisable to 
address a letter to the collector of New York, (sent by the Supply,) 
and furnishing the necessary explanations. 



184 CORRESPONDENCE RELATIVE TO THE 

On board the store-ship Supply are several blocks of granite, and 
other qualities of stone, procured by me at the islands of Jesso and 
Niphon, in Japan, at Lew-Chew, Formosa, and China proper. These 
are intended for the Washington monument. 

I am now on my way to the United States, via Holland, and expect 
to be in New York by the middle of January, in time to meet the arri- 
val at that place of the Mississippi ; there to haul down my flag at the 
termination of my cruise. 

Whilst in Europe, (and this has been one of my objects in returning 
that way,) I propose to visit some of the dock-yards and steam-engine 
manufactories, in view of examining into the very great improvements 
which have recently taken place in the construction and arrangement 
of steam-vessels — especially those propelled by the screw. 

With great respect, I have the honor to be your most obedient serv^t, 

M. C. PERRY. 

Hon. J. C. Dobbin, 

Scc7'etary of the Navy, Washington, 



Commodore Perj'y to the Secretary of the Navy. 

English Mail Steameu Hixdostan, 

Red Sea, October 14, 1854. 

Sir : On stopping at Galle, (Ceylon) on my way from China, I re- 
ceived a box from Monsieur Jos. Chauvin, of the house of Chauvin & 
Brothers, of Port Louis, containing tobacco and cotton-seeds from the 
island of Mauritius, and collected and forwarded by Mr. Chauvin, at 
my request. 

As 1 do not go direct to the United States, and being aware of the 
importance of having the seeds at Washington in time for distribution 
for spring planting, I have placed the box in charge of Capt. Charles 
H. Rhodes, a fellow-countryman, w^ho has kindly promised to forward 
it to Washington from New York, by Adams & Co.'s Express. 

With great respect, I am, sir, your most obedient servant, 

M. C. PERRY. 

Hon. James C. Dobbin, 

Secretary of the Navy, Washington, D. C, 



Commodore Perry to the Secretary of the Navy. 

Navy Department, 
Washington, Jamiary 20, 1855. 

Sir : I have the honor to enclose herewith two letters* addressed by 
me respectively to the Emperor of Japan, and to the Imperial com- 
missioner, with whom I negotiated. 

* For these letters see Commodore Perry's despatch, dated August 3, 1853. 



NAVAL EXPEDITION TO JAPAN. 185 

The transmission of these letters was, by some unaccountable cause, 
overlooked. I also enclose other papers not before transmitted. 
Very respectfully, your obedient servant, 

M. C. PERRY. 
Hon. James C. Dobbin, 

Secretary of the Navy, Washington, 



U. S. Steam-Frigate Mrssissippi, 

July 31, 1854. 

Sir : With considerations of the highest respect, the men compo- 
sing the crew of this ship, now bearing your broad pendant, beg leave 
to address to you the following communication : 

Learning, with regret, that you contemplate leaving us prior to the ar- 
rival of this ship in the United States, it is our earnest desire to express 
in some befitting manner the high sense of respect and esteem with 
which we look upon you, both as our commander and real friend; and 
while we are well aware of the high and deserving honors that are 
awaiting you broadcast over our own land, and throughout the en- 
lightened of all nations, we feel that we, who have had the good for- 
tune, for a considerable portion of the time of your command, of being 
under your immediate notice, have a right to express to you our honest 
and true wishes for your future welfare and happiness. 

The high and important negotiations which you have accomplished 
with a numerous and powerful people, we beg you to believe, are well 
understood by us ; and at the same time that we are aware of the del- 
icacy and prudence required on your part, we have ever had the most 
implicit confidence that the honor of our country's flag would never be 
tarnished while under your command. Upon the occasion of separa- 
ting from you, we desire you to accept our sincere wishes for your 
future happiness, and at the same time we would express to jou our 
acknowledgments for the uniform regard which you have ever evinced 
for our comfort ; that we appreciate in all their bearings the undoubted 
desire evinced on your part for the well-being of those intrusted to 
your command; and, as we have already intimated, while our country 
stands ready to receive you with merited and appropriate honors, we 
beg you to accept this, our humble tribute ; and while we have the 
honor (for it is an honor) to serve our country, we shall never feel 
greater confidence, or stronger pride, than while under your command. 
In behalf of ship's company : 

JAMES PATTERSON, ( Yeoman.) 
HENRY SMITH, {Gunner' s mate.) 
FRANCIS SULLIVAN, {Master-at-arms.) 
JAMES ROBINSON, {Boatswain's mate.) 
WILLIAM TRAIN, {quartermaster.) 
ALEXANDER McINTOSH, {Captain of forecastle.) 
THOMAS JONES, {Captain of hold.) 
ANGUS JOHNSON, {Captain of top.) 
WILLIAM WADE, {Armorer.) 
DENNIS CONNOR, (SailmaJcer's mate.) 



186 CORRESPONDENCE RELATIVE TO THE 

REUBEN GILLIAM, {Carpenter's mate.) 
JOS. R. HURD, {Captain of afterguard.) 
CHARLES HAGAN, {Seaman.) 
RICHARD HEWSON, {Ordi7ianj seaman.) 
JAMES H. WEEKS, {La7idsman.) 

In behalf of firemen and coal-heavers : 
JOHN FISHER. 

In behalf of marine guard : 

Sergeant KEARNS. 

Commodore M. C. Perry, 

Commander-in-chief United States Naval Forces 

East India, China, and Japan Seas. 



U. S. Steam-Frigate Mississippi, 

Macao, August 1, 1854. 

My Shipmates ; I have received, and perused v^ilh much pleasure, 
your letter of yesterday, and am highly gratified to learn from its con- 
tents, that the feelings entertained by the crew of the Mississippi are 
so kind and friendly towards me. Those feelings I most cordially re- 
ciprocate, and shall ever look back with pride and pleasure to the sev- 
eral periods of time on this and other stations, where this noble and 
well-tried ship has borne my flag. 

Wishing you all prosperity, and a happy return to your families and 
friends at home, I subscribe myself your friend, 

M. C. PERRY. 



Canton, September 4, 1854. 

Sir: We, your countrymen, the undersigned, merchants and residents 
in China, learning that it is your excellency's intention to leave for the 
United States on the 11th current, desire to declare to you, before your 
departure, the sense we entertain of your services in fulfilment of the 
mission with which you were specially charged by our government to 
that of Japan, and to acknowledge the promptitude with which you 
have bestowed the protection so much required by the important in- 
terests at stake in this country and its neighborhood during your com- 
mand in these seas. 

Enjoying the advantages of proximity, and with our interest height- 
ened thereby, it has been our privilege twice to witness your depart- 
ure for the shores of Japan ; nor will you have doubted that 3'-ou went 
with our best wishes freighted. Participating, indeed, in the hopes and 
anxieties attending your great enterprise, in perhaps a greater degree 
than those who were more distant, we may, as your countrymen, now 
claim the right to anticipate the warm approval, the pride, and satis- 
faction with which the announcement of your achievements will be 
hailed in our common country. 



NAVAL EXPEDITION TO JAPAN. 187 

But your success, which is so well calculated to enkindle the patriot- 
ism and awaken the admiration and gratitude of your countrymen, 
will not in a less degree ehcit the applause of other nations. 

You cannot have been unconscious that your audience was the 
whole civilized world, and that your mission was worthy of man's 
highest ambition. Whilst this added to your anxieties, it has not les- 
sened your zeal or dazzled your mind ; but has called into exercise that 
rare assemblage of qualities — that union of conciliation with firmness — 
the happy tact and judgment, which have insured your complete 
success. 

That such will be the award of your own countrymen, and of the 
people of other nations, we hazard nothing in declaring. 

Whilst you have thus elevated yourself to a proud position in the 
eyes of the world, you have firmly re-established the hold which the 
name you bear has so long had upon the hearts of your countrymen ; 
and the name of Perry, which has so long adorned the naval profes- 
sion, will henceforth be enrolled with the highest in diplomacy. Co- 
lumbus, De Gama, Cook, La Perouse, Magellan — these inscribed 
their names in history by striving with the obstacles of nature. You 
have conquered the obstinate will of man, and, by overturning the 
cherished policy of an empire, have brought an estranged but cultiva- 
ted people into the family of nations. You have done this without 
violence, and the world has looked on with admiration to see the bar- 
riers of prejudice fall before the flag of our country without the firing 
of a shot. 

It is thus that your acts, dictated by your wisdom and inspired by 
your justice and benevolence, have so auspiciously inaugurated the 
entrance of Japan into the great family of nations — the consequences 
of which affect the welfare of the universe ; and thus, that in adding 
lustre to the flag of our country, you have durably incribed your name 
upon the history of the world. 

In conclusion, permit us to say, that as none of your countrymen can 
more fully appreciate the value of your services, so none will more 
sincerely desire to hear of your future welfare ; and to request your 
acceptance of a durable memorial of your visits to China as a testimony 
of the estimation in which we hold your public services and private 
character. 

Wishing you the highest reward that man can bestow — " that of a 
whole nation's gratitude" — 

We remain, sir, your countrymen, 

[Signed by all the American merchants in Canton.] 

His Excellency Commodore Matthew C. Perry, 

Commander-in-chief of the Naval Forces U. S. in the 

East India, Chinas and Japan Seas, 
and late Special Envoy to Japan, ^c, ^c, Sfc, 



188 CORRESPONDENCE RELATIVE TO THE 

U. S. Flag-ship Mississippi, 

Hong Kong, Sejptemher 7, 1854. 

Gentlemen : It is impossible for me to find words sujfficiently ex- 
pressive of my profound thanks for the very flattering praise which you, 
in your prodigal kindness and generosity, have bestowed upon me in 
your communication of the 4th instant. 

In the execution of my duties as commander of the East India squad- 
ron, and with special reference to the mission to Japan, I am uncon- 
scious of having done more than might have been expected of me as a 
zealous and loyal officer. 

The testimonial of which you speak will be received with the highest 
gratification, and my children will be enjoined to treasure it as a me- 
morial of the many favors their f^her had received from his fellow- 
countrymen in China. 

In separating myself from those with whom I have been so long and 
so agreeably associated, I cannot but hope that we shall all meet again 
in our own happy country ; and with this pleasant anticipation, I sub- 
scribe myself, with eveiy feeling of sincere friendship and respect. 

Your obliged and most obedient servant, 

M. C. PERRY. 



Hong Kong, Se^ptemler 9, 1854. 

Sir: On the eve of your departure for the United States, we feel 
that we cannot permit you to leave this without respectfully tendering 
you our sincere wishes for your health and happiness, and for a pros- 
perous return to our native land. 

In expressing to you these sentiments we cannot refrain from briefly 
alluding to the great pride we have had in witnessing the completely 
successful termination of your mission to Japan, which has added 
another to the many benefits which our country has derived from your 
devoted zeal to the furtherance of her interests, and to the elevation of 
that branch of her service to which you belong. 

We feel assured that the same esteem and respect in which you are 
held by our countrymen, is felt for you by the English community at 
at this — who, when congratulating our country and its citizens upon 
the success of services such as yours, felicitate us upon the choice made 
by our government in selecting yourself to carry out its views in re- 
gard to the empire whose commerce you have opened not only to us, 
but to the world. 

We think, sir, we may well be proud, and pardoned for expressing, 
even as we do now to yourself, before your departure, that pride which 
we feel, when hearing, as we have heard, your name, character, and 
achievements spoken of in the highest terms of praise by the plenipo- 
tentiary of H. B. M., by her officers, civil, military, and naval, as well 
as by the foremost merchants of England doing business with China, 
and whose establishments are at this. Adding our testimony to theirs, 



NAVAL EXPEDITION TO JAPAN. 189 

we siibscribe ourselves, with best wishes for your welfare, and with 
sentiments of esteem and respect, 

Your friends, 

JAMES KEENAN. 

O. D. WILLIAMS. 

HENRY ANTHON, Jr. 

GEORGE L. HASKELL. 

His Excellency Commodore M. C. Perry, 

Commander-in-chief of the TJ. S. Squadron 

to the East India and China 8eas, Sfc, Sfc, ^c. 



U. S. Steam-Frigate Mississippi, 

Hong Kong, Septemher 11, 1854. 

Gentlemen: At the moment of my departure from China, I have 
been honored with your flattering communication of the 9th instant, and 
beg briefly to express my gratitude for this and many other marks of 
favor I have received at your hands. 

The highest reward an oflicer should look for as a recompense for 
his public services is, the approbation and friendship of his fellow- 
countrymen ; and surely, those who reside in China have lavished upon 
me their kindness and good wishes in a manner never to be forgotten. 

Trusting you will excuse the informality of this hurried note, written 
as it is in the midst of preparations for my departure to-day, you will 
permit me to wish you every happiness and success in life, and to sub- 
scribe myself, 

Your obliged friend and most obedient servant, 

m. c. perry. 

To James Keenan, Esq. 
O. D. Williams, Esq. 
Henry Anthon, jr., Esq. 
George L. Haskell, Esq. 



Sailing directions for the harhor of Simoda, by Lieut. Wm. L, Maury, 

U, S, M 

Vessels bound to the harbor of Simoda, from the southward and 
westward, should make Cape Idzu, from which Rock island bears ESE 
J E., distant about six miles ; and if the weather is at all clear, the chain 
of islands at the entrance of the Gulf of Yedo will at the same time be 
plainly visible. 

Between Rock island and the main land there are a number of rocks 
awash and above water, among which the Japanese junks freely pass, 
but a ship should not attempt a passage inside of Rock island, unless 
in case of urgent necessity, particularly as the northeasterly current 
which sweeps along this coast, seems to be, at this point, capricious, 
both in direction and velocity. 



190 CORRESPONDENCE RELATIVE TO THE 

Giving Rock island a berth of a mile, the harbor of Simoda will be 
in full view, bearing N. J W., distant five miles. 

Vandalia bluff, on the east side of the entrance, may be recognised 
by a grove of pine trees on the summit of the bluff, and the village of 
Susaki, which lies about one-third of the way between it and Cape 
Diamond. Cape Diamond is a sharp point making out to the eastward 
of the entrance of the harbor. 

Standing in from Rock island, you will probably pass through a , 
number of tide-rips, but not get soundings with the hand-lead until near 
the entrance of the harbor, when you will be in from seventeen to 
twenty-four fathoms. 

Should the wind be from the northward, and fresh, a vessel should 
anchor at the mouth of the harbor until it lulls or shifts, or until she 
can conveniently warp in, as it is usually flawy and always baffling. 

Approaching from the northward and eastward, a vessel can pass on 
either side of Oho-Sima, from the centre of which Cape Diamond bears 
WSW. f W., distant about twenty miles. 

Between Oho-Sima and Simoda no dangers are known to exist; but 
the northeasterly current must be born constantly in mind, particularly 
at night and in thick weather. Its general strength is from two to three 
miles per hour ; but as this, as well as its direction, is much influenced 
by the local winds, headlands, islands, &c., neither can be relied upon. 

Should Oho-Sima be obscured by thick weather before reaching 
Cape Diamond, endeavor to sight Rock island, for there are no very 
conspicuous objects on the main land by which a stranger can recog- 
nise the harbor at a distance, and the shore appears as one unbroken 
line. 

To the westward of the harbor there are several sand-beaches, and 
three or four sand-banks. These can be plainly discerned when within 
six or eight miles, and are good landmarks. 

A vessel from the southward and eastward should pass to the west- 
ward of the island of Meac-Sima, which may be known by a remark- 
able snow-white cliff on its western side. There is also a white patch 
on its summit to the northward of the cliff. From this island the har- 
bor bears NNW., distant about twenty-five miles. 

There are but two hidden dangers in the harbor. The first is the 

SOUTHAMPTON ROCK, 

which lies in mid-channel, bearing N. J W. from Vandalia bluff, 
about three-fourths of the way between it and Centre island. The 
rock is about twenty-five feet in diameter, and has two fathoms water 
upon it. It is marked by a white spar-buoy. 
The second is the 

SUPPLY ROCK, 

bearing S. by W., a short distance from Buisako islet ; is a sharp rock, 
with eleven feet water upon it. It position is designated by a red spar- 
buoy. 

Both of these buoys are securely moored, and the authorities of 
Simoda have promised to replace them, should they by any cause be 

removed. 

f 



NAVAL EXPEDITION TO JAPAN. 191 

Centre island, which receives its name from being the point from 
which the treaty hmits are measured, is high, conical, and covered with 
trees. A cave passes entirely through it. 

In the outer roads, or mouth of the harbor,- a disagreeable swell is 
sometimes experienced ; but inside of the Southampton rock and Cen- 
tre island, vessels are well sheltered, and the water comparatively 
smooth. Moor with an open hawse to the southward and westward. 

There are good landings for boats in Simoda creek, and at the village 
of Kakisaki. 

A harbor-master and three pilots have been appointed ; wood, water, 
fish, fowls, and eggs, also sweet potatoes and other vegetables, may be 
procured from the authorities. It is necessary to supply them with 
casks to bring the water off. 

Latitude Centre island, 34° 39' 49'' N.; longitude, 138° 57' 50" E. 
Variation, 52' westerly. High water, F. & C, V hr.. Extreme rise 
of tide, 5 feet 7 inches. Mean rise of tide, 3 feet. 

To make the foregoing directions more easily comprehended, they 
have been rendered as concise as possible; but to furnish further in- 
formation to navigators bound to or passing the port, the following 
additional remarks are appended : 

The harbor of Simoda is near the southeastern extremity of the 
peninsula of Idzu, which terminates at the cape of that name. To 
the northward of the harbor, a high ridge intersects the peninsula, and 
south of this, all the way to the cape, it is broken by innumerable 
peaks of less elevation. 

The harbor bears SW. by W. from Cape Sagami, at the entrance of 
Yedo bay, distant about 45 miles. 

Rock island is about 120 feet high, and a third of a mile long, with 
precipitous shores and uneven outhnes. It has a thick matting of 
grass, weeds, moss, &c., on the top. 

From the summit of this island overfalls were seen, bearing N. J- W., 
distant a mile, or mile and a half. These may have been caused by a 
rock or reef. An attempt was made to find it; but the strong current 
and fresh wind prevented a satisfactory examination. The Japanese 
fishermen, however, deny the existence of any such danger. 

N. by W. from Rock island, distant two miles, are the Ukona rocks. 
These are two rocks, though they generally appear as one. The 
largest is about 70 feet high. Between these and Rock island, the cur- 
rent was found setting east-northeasterly, fully four miles an hour. 

Centre island bears from Rock island N. J E., distant five and a half 
miles, and from Ukona rocks N. by E. J- E., distant three and a half 
miles. 
Buisako islet lies NNE. from Centre island. It is about 40 feet high, 
and covered with trees and shrubs. 

Should the buoy on Southampton rock be removed, the east end of 
Centre island, on with the west end of Buisako, will clear the rock to 
the westward. 

Off the village of Susaki, and distant one-third of a mile from the 
shore, is a ledge of rocks, upon which the swell is always breaking; 
give them a berth of two cables in passing. 



192 CORRESPONDENCE RELATIVE TO THE 

Due west from Vandalia bluff, about one-third of the way to the 
opposite shore, is a deep hole, with upwards of 30 fathoms water. 

Approaching from the eastward, the harbor will not open until you 
get well inside of Cape Diamond. 

To the northward of Cape Diamond is the bay of Sirahama, which 
is quite deep, and, as it has also several sand-beaches, it may be mis- 
taken for Simoda; but as you approach this bay. Cape Diamond will 
shut in the Ukona I'ocks, and Rock island to the southward, whilst in 
the Simoda roads they are visible from all points. 

Cape Idzue— latitude, 34° 32' N. ; longitude, 138° oV E. Rock 
island— latitude, 34^ 33' 50'' N. ; longitude, 133^ 57' 16" E. 

To the southward and westward of INIeac-Sima there are two 
patches of dangerous rocks, 15 or 20 feet high, which have been named 
Redfield rocks. They are in latitude 33^^ 56' 13" N., longitude 138° 
48' 31" E., and latitude 33° 57' 31" N., longitude 13S« 49' lb" E. 

These positions may not be strictly correct, but it is believed they 
are not much out of the way. 

By order of Commodore M. C. Perry, U. S. N. 

SILAS BENT, 

Flag Lieutenant, 

U. S. Steam-Frigate Mississippi, 

Najpa, Lew-Chew, July 7, 1854. 



Sailing directions for HaTcodadif by Lieut, Wm, L. Maury , U, S. N, 

This spacious and beautiful bay, which for accessibiht}^ and safety 
is one of the finest in the world, lies on the north side of the straits of 
Sangar, which separates the Japanese islands of Nippon and Yesso, 
and about midway between Cape Sirija Saki* (the JNE. point of Nip- 
pon,) and the city of Matsmai. It bears from the cape NW. J W., dis- 
tant about 45 miles, and is about 4 miles wide at the entrance, and 5 
miles deep. 

The harbor is the southeastern arm of the bay, and is completely 
sheltered, with regular soundings and excellent holding-ground. It is 
formed by a bold peaked promontory standing well out from the high 
land of the main, with which it is connected by a low sandy isthmus, 
and, appearing in the distance as an island, may be readily recognised. 

The town is situated on the northeast slope of this promontory, facing 
the harbor, and contains about 6,000 inhabitants. 

Approaching from the eastward, after passing Cape Suwo Kubo, 
named on our chart Cape Blunt, which is a conspicuous head-land 12 
miles E. by S. from the town, the junks at anchor in the harbor will be 
visible over the low isthmus. 

FOR ENTERING THE HARBOR. 

Rounding the promontory of Hakodadi, and giving it a berth of a 
mile, to avoid the calms under the high land, steer for the sharp peak 
of Komaga-daki, bearing about north, until the east peak of the Sad 

• Saki in the Japanese language means cape ; consequently it should be more properly 
called Cape Sirija; but to prevent mistakes it has been thought advisable to adopt the Ja- 
panese names. 



NAVAL EXPEDITION TO JAPAN. 193 

die, bearing about NE. by N., opens to the westward of the round knob 
on the side of ihe mountam; then haul up to the northward and east- 
ward, keeping them open until the centre of the sand-hills on the isth- 
mus bears SE. by E. | E. (these may be recognised by the dark knolls 
upon them.) This will clear a spit which makes out from the western 
point of the town in a north-north westerly direction two-thirds of a mile ; 
then bring the sand-hills a point on the port bow, and stand in until the 
western point of the town bears SW. J W., when you will have the 
best berth, with 5^ or 6 fathoms water. If it is desirable to get nearer 
in, haul up a little to the eastward of south for the low rocky peak which 
will be just visible over the sloping ridge to the southward and east- 
ward of the town. A vessel of moderate draught may approach with- 
in a quarter of a mile of Tsuki Point, where there is a building-yard 
for junks. This portion of the harbor, however, is generally crowded 
with vessels of this description ; and unless the want of repairs, or 
some other cause, renders a close berth necessary, it is better to remain 
outside. 

If the Peak or Saddle is obscured by clouds or fog, after doubling 
the promontory, steer N. by E. J E., until the sand-hills are brought 
upon the bearing above given, when proceed as there directed. 

A short distance from the tail of the spit is a detached sand-bank 
with 3J fathoms on it, the outer edge of which is marked by a white 
spar- buoy. Between this and the spit there is a narrow channel with 
5 and 6 fathoms water. Vessels may pass on either side of the buoy, 
but it is most prudent to go to the northward of it. 

Should the wind fail before reaching the harbor, there is a good an- 
chorage in the outer roads, in from 25 to 10 fathoms. 

Excellent wood and water may be procured from the authorities of 
the town ; or if preferred, water can be easily obtained from Kamida 
creek, which enters the harbor to the northward and eastward of the 
town. 

The season at the time of our visit was unfavorable for procuring 
supplies ; a few sweet and Irish potatoes, eggs and fowls, however, 
were obtained, and these articles^at a more favorable period of the year 
will, no doubt, be furnished in sufficient quantities to supply any ves- 
sels that may in future visit the port. 

Our seine supplied us with fine salmon and a quantity of other fish, 
and the shores of the bay abound with excellent shell-fish. 

During our stay in this harbor, from the 17th May to 3d June, the 
weather was generally pleasant until the 1st June, when the fog set in. 
It was usually calm in the morning, but towards the middle of the day 
a brisk breeze from SW. sprung up. 

Latitude mouih of Kamida creek, 41° 49^ 22'VN.; longitude, 140° 
47' 45" E.; variation, 4° 30' W. ; high water, F. & C. V hours; ex- 
treme rise and fall of tide, 3 feet. 

Our chronometers were rated at Napa Kiang, Lew-Chew, from the 
position of that place as given by Captain Beechy, R. N. 

By order of Commodore M. C. Perry, U. S. iN. 

SILAS BENT, 

Flag Lieutenant, 

U. S. Steam-Frigate Mississippi, at Sea, July 18, 1854. 
Ex. Doc. 34 13 



194 CORRESPONDENCE RELATIVE TO THE 

Sailing directions for Yedo, hy Lieut, Wm. L. Maury , U, S. Navy, 

Vessels from the suthward bound to this bay should pass up to the 
westward of the chain of islands lying off the Gulf of Yedo, and are 
cautioned against mistaking the deep bight of Kawatsu bay for the en^ 
trance of Uraga channel, for on the northeast side of this bay there is 
a ledge of rocks several miles from the shore, bearing from Cape Saga- 
mi about WNW., distant ten miles, upon which one of the vessels of 
our squadron grounded. A stranger without a correct chart would 
naturally make this mistake, as the openmg of the channel is not seen 
at a distance from this quarter, the shore appearing as an unbroken 
line. 

The entrance to the channel bears from the centre of Oho-Sima NE. 
by N., distant about twenty miles. tStand in upon this line, and the 
saddle-hill to the northv/ard of Cape Sagami will be readily recognised, 
as well as the round black knob on the eastern side of the channel. 
On approaching Uraga, the Plymouth rocks will be plainly seen; give 
these a berth of half a mile to clear the Ingersoli Patch, a sunken rock 
with but one fathom on it, and which is the only known danger in the 
channel. 

Between Plj^mouth rocks and Cape Kami-Saki the ground is clear 
and the anchorage good, if care be taken to get pretty well in, so as to 
avoid the strong tides which sweep round the latter with great rapidity. 
A spit makes out a short distance to the southward of Kami-Saki; but 
to the northward of the cape, the shore is bold and the water very 
deep. 

On rounding Cape Kami-Saki, if bound for the city of Yedo, steer 
NW. by N. until Perry island bears S. by W. f W., so as to clear 
Saratoga spit, which extends well out from the eastern shore; then 
haul up, keeping Perry island upon this bearing until the beacon on the 
low point to the southward of Yedo bears WNW. This clears the 
shoal off the point, and here there is good anchorage in about ten fath- 
oms water, in full view of the city of Yedo. 

At this point our survey terminated ; the boats, however, found a 
clear channel with plenty of water for the largest vessels several miles 
farther to the northward, and within a few miles of the city. 

If bound to the American anchorage, from Cape Kami-Saki steer 
NW. and anchor in eight or ten fathoms water, with Perry island bear- 
ing SSE., and Webster island SW. by S. 

To the southward of Webster island there is also good anchorage in 
six and seven fathoms. Near this anchorage there are two snug coves, 
very accessible, in which vessels may conveniently repair and refit. 

Susquehanna bay, three miles WNW. from Cape Kami-Saki, is well 
sheltered, but it contains a number of reefs and rocks, and is therefore 
not recommended as an anchorage. 

Mississippi bay is foui miles north of the American anchorage ; it is 
well sheltered from the prevailing winds. Upon anchoring it is neces- 
sary to give the shore a good berth, to avoid a shoal which extends out 
from a half to three-quarters of a mile. The conspicuous head-land or 
long yellow bluff on the north side of this bay is called Treaty Point ; 
a shoal surrounds the point from two-thirds of a mile to a mile distant. 



NAYAL EXPEDITION TO JAPAN. 195 

Between the Americtin anchorage and Treaty Point the soundings 
are irregular, shoaling suddenly from twelve to five fathoms on a bank 
of hard sand. 

To the northward of Treaty Point and NNW. from Cape Kami Saki, 
distant fourteen miles, is Yokuhama bay. To reach this anchorage, 
bring the wooded bluff which terminates the high land on the north 
side of the bay to bear N. by W. J W., and steer for it until Treaty 
Point bears SW. by S. — this clears the spit off the point; then haul up 
about NW. by N. for the bluff over the town of Kanagawa, and anchor 
in five and a half or six fathoms, with the Haycock just open to the 
eastward of Mandarin bluff. Mandarin is the steep bluff a mile to the 
northward of Treaty Point. 

A flat extends out from the northern shore of this bay, between 
Kanagaw^a and Beacon Point from one to two miles; off* Mandarin 
bluff there is also a shoal extending a mile to the northward. 

The ba.y of Yedo is about twelve miles wide, and thirty deep, with 
excellent holding-ground, and capable of sheltering the fleets of the 
world. 

Our survey embraced the w^estern shore only, from Cape Kami Saki 
to Beacon Point. We had no opportunity of examining the eastern 
side. The soundings from Treaty Point across in an ESE. direction 
are regular, and three fathoms were found about a mile and a half 
from the opposite shore. 

Of Uraga channel, a reconnoissance was made of the western shore 
only. 

During our stay in the bay, from the 17th of February to the ISth 
of April, the weather was generally fine, being occasionally interrupted 
by strong winds and heavy rain. The gales came up suddenly fiom 
the southward and westward v/ith a low barometer, and continued for 
a short time, when the wind hauled round to the northward and west- 
ward and moderated. We had no easterly blows ; in fact, the wind 
was rarely from this quarter, except when hauling round from the 
northward (as it invariably did) by east to the southward and west- 
ward. 

The tide is quite strong out in the bay; and off the tail of Saratoga 
spit. Perry island, and Cape Kami-Saki, its velocity is much increased. 
But at the anchorage in the bay of Yokuhama it was scarcely felt. At 
Yokuhama the Japanese authorities supplied us with wood and water, 
and a few vegetables, fowls, eggs, oysters, and clams. 

Latitude Cape Sagami, 35'" 06' 30''; longitude, 139^ 40'. Latitude 
Webster island, 35^ IS' 30"; longitude, 139° 40' 34". Latitude of 
Treaty building, north end of Yokuhama, 35"^ 26' 44"; longitude, 139^ 
40' 23". Variation, 25' westerly. High water F. and C, VL Pise 
and fall at Yokuhama, 6 feet. 

By order of Commodore M. C. Perry. 

SILAS BENT, Flag Lieutenant, 

U. S. Steam-Frigate Mississippi, 

Hong- Kong J Scptemher 4, 1854. 



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